Family Types and Group Behavior Experiments
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes a nuclear family?

  • Parents with children from previous marriages
  • A couple only, with no children
  • Relatives of the parents living together
  • Two parents and unmarried children living together (correct)

Which experiment demonstrated the impact of group pressure on conformity?

  • Asch Paradigm (correct)
  • Milgram Experiment
  • Stanford Prison Experiment
  • Robber’s Cave

In a blended family, what is the main characteristic?

  • Single parent with children
  • Couple living without children
  • Unmarried couple with children
  • Parents with children from previous relationships (correct)

What defining aspect differentiates a common-law family from other family types?

<p>Shared living arrangements of an unmarried couple (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding of the Asch Experiment regarding conformity?

<p>Participants often conformed to the incorrect answer due to group pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of collective behaviour?

<p>Can be localized or dispersed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of crowd is formed primarily for a specific purpose?

<p>Conventional crowd (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition accurately describes a riot?

<p>A disorganized crowd without a specific purpose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically seen in a mob?

<p>Emotional actions driven by a destructive purpose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of life is the family primarily the most influential agent of socialization?

<p>Childhood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines socialization?

<p>A constant process of learning and sharing cultural norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of crowd is characterized by loose connections and only becomes cohesive in times of conflict?

<p>Casual crowd (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of a cult?

<p>To promote shared beliefs around a charismatic leader (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes children raised by animals in isolation from humans?

<p>Feral Child (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of feminist sociology?

<p>Women and gender inequality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that structures within society serve a purpose for the whole?

<p>Structural Functionalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants in Milgram's Experiment administered the maximum shock of 450 volts?

<p>65% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior did Genie display that indicated her inhuman treatment?

<p>Bunny walking and spitting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that individuals feel less personal responsibility for unethical actions when instructed by an authority?

<p>Agentic state theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Stanford Prison Experiment, what was a major impact on the prisoners?

<p>They were left traumatized and harassed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of individuals within their social and cultural settings is referred to as what?

<p>Social Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon did Sherif’s Robber’s Cave study help illustrate regarding intergroup conflict?

<p>The role of superordinate goals in reducing conflict (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agent of socialization primarily conveys norms during childhood?

<p>Primary agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cliques?

<p>They include a large number of casual acquaintances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key ethical concern regarding Genie's case?

<p>Was she treated more as a test subject than a patient? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive dissonance theory suggest in the context of Zimbardo's study?

<p>Roles can influence behavior and change attitudes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cliques often form among young people?

<p>To develop interpersonal behaviors and friendships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cliques offer young individuals that aids in their personal development?

<p>Support in investigating shared interests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes discrimination from prejudice?

<p>Discrimination involves actions against a group, while prejudice is merely an opinion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of systemic discrimination?

<p>A law that mandates segregation in public spaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Social Learning Theory in relation to prejudice?

<p>Prejudice is learned through observation and social interaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ageism manifest in society?

<p>Unequal treatment of individuals based solely on their age. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes assimilation?

<p>Forcing minority groups to adopt the dominant culture and abandon their own. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is personal discrimination?

<p>Discrimination practiced by individuals against others based on prejudice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the simplified beliefs about a group that do not account for individual differences?

<p>Stereotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a type of discrimination mentioned?

<p>Intellectual discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes children who are deserted at a young age and raised by animals?

<p>Ferals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of family consists of two parents and unmarried children living together?

<p>Nuclear family (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sanctions in a social context?

<p>Reactions aimed at enforcing social norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a 'mob' in sociological terms?

<p>A highly emotional crowd pursuing violent goals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a clique?

<p>An exclusive, small group of chosen members (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of deviance is characterized by behaviors that deviate from what is socially accepted as normal?

<p>Deviance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes mores?

<p>Norms involving ethical or moral judgements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of social control in society?

<p>To regulate thoughts and behaviors to limit deviance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nuclear Family

A social group consisting of two parents and their unmarried children living together.

Extended Family

A social group including relatives beyond parents and unmarried children, living together.

Blended Family

A family formed when parents from previous unions or marriages live together with their children.

Asch Paradigm

A social experiment where participants had to answer a question despite knowing the correct answer was different from the majority.

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Conformity

The tendency to align one's beliefs or actions with the majority group's, even if it's objectively wrong.

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Agentic State Theory

The tendency for individuals to follow instructions from authority figures, even if those instructions are unethical or immoral.

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Milgram's Experiment

A research study by Stanley Milgram that demonstrated how readily individuals obey authority figures, even when instructed to administer electric shocks to others.

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Clique

A group of individuals who share common interests, values, or behaviors, often forming an exclusive social circle.

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Stanford Prison Experiment

A research study by Philip Zimbardo that explored the impact of roles and social context on human behavior, demonstrating how individuals adopt assigned roles and may exhibit aggressive or unethical behaviors.

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Robber's Cave Experiment

A research study by Muzafer Sherif that examined how intergroup conflict can be reduced through the establishment of common goals.

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Superordinate Goals

Shared goals that require cooperation and collaboration between different groups, often leading to reduced conflict and improved relationships.

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The Evil of Humans

The idea that the evil acts of individuals are not necessarily due to their inherent personality but rather to the specific roles and social contexts they are placed in, which can influence their behavior.

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Collective Behavior

The way people act or behave in groups, movements, or within an entire culture or society.

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Crowd

A temporary gathering of people, usually for a specific purpose.

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Mob

A highly emotional crowd driven by a violent or destructive goal, often involving a leader and strong feelings.

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Riot

A chaotic, frenzied crowd without any clear purpose or goal.

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Cult

A group of people sharing a unique set of cultural or spiritual beliefs, usually centered around a charismatic leader.

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Socialization

The lifelong process of learning and adopting the norms, customs, and values that shape an individual's behavior within their society.

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Family as an Agent of Socialization

The primary influence during childhood, teaching expectations, norms, and moral values.

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Secondary Agents of Socialization

Secondary influences that shape individuals later in life, including peers, school, work, media, and culture.

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Prejudice

An unsubstantiated judgment about a specific group of people based on unfounded beliefs and assumptions.

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Discrimination

Unequal treatment (action) targeting a specific group based on prejudice and stereotypes.

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Stereotype

An overly simplified view of a certain group based on the behaviours of a few individuals, lacking understanding of individual differences.

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Systemic Discrimination

Discrimination supported by nationwide legislation, policies, and government.

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Deviance

Any behaviour that deviates (diverges) from societal norms or what was thought to be normal (non-conformity).

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Social Control

Attempts made by society to regulate individual behaviours and to avoid and punish deviant behaviours (through rules, laws, norms and notions).

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Social Learning Theory of Prejudice

Prejudice acquired through observational learning (OL).

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Socio-Economic Theory of Prejudice

Economic discrepancy leads to prejudice; richer groups discriminate against poorer groups.

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Social Group

A group of people who share a common interest or identity, and interact regularly.

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Norms

Expected behaviors within a group that indicate how members should act.

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Sanctions

Reactions from others, either positive or negative, in response to following or breaking social norms.

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Social Movement

A form of collective behavior where individuals strive for social changes.

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Isolated Child

A child who has been raised in isolation from human contact, often with limited or no interaction with other humans.

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Feral Child

A child who has been raised by wild animals or in a wild environment, typically with minimal or no human contact.

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Social Psychology

The study of individuals within their social and cultural setting; it examines how society influences human mental processes.

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Structural Functionalism

A concept that suggests the various structures within a society serve a specific purpose for its overall functionality.

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Conflict Theory

A theory that emphasizes the role of power in maintaining social order, suggesting that conflicts arise between social classes.

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Symbolic Interactionism

A perspective that emphasizes the way individuals learn about their society through meanings, symbols, and interactions.

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Feminist Sociology

A subfield of sociology that focuses on women and gender inequality, examining how social structures, practices, and beliefs perpetuate gender disparities.

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Study Notes

The Family - Including Types of Families

  • Families provide friendships and meet psychological/social needs
  • Types of Families:
    • Nuclear family: Two parents and unmarried children living together
    • Extended family: Relatives, in addition to parents and children, living together
    • Blended/reconstituted family: Parents with children from previous relationships
    • Childless family: A couple without children
    • Single-parent family: One parent with one or more children
    • Common-law family: Unmarried couple, with or without children

Group Behaviour Experiments

  • Asch Experiment (Asch Paradigm):
    • Participants were misled in a visual test to identify which line was longer.
    • Conformity was observed, as most participants conformed to the incorrect answer when given the wrong answer by others.
  • Milgram's Experiment:
    • Participants were teachers instructing students to administer electric shocks when wrong.
    • Over 65% of participants administered the maximum shock (450 volts).
    • Individuals demonstrated a tendency to obey authority figures, even in unethical situations.
  • Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo):
    • Students played the roles of prisoners and guards in a mock prison.
    • Guards' behavior became aggressive and abusive towards prisoners, and prisoners were traumatized.
  • Robber's Cave Experiment (Sherif):
    • Two groups of boys at a summer camp developed hostility towards each other.
    • Cooperation was encouraged through shared goals, reducing conflict between the two groups.

Cliques

  • Cliques are exclusive groups of close friends.
  • Members often share similar attitudes towards school, music, and dress styles.
  • Cliques help young people develop interpersonal skills, form a positive self-concept and explore shared interests.

Collective Behavior

  • Collective behavior refers to how people act in crowds, social movements or across cultures.
  • It's often unpredictable, localized, dispersed, or irrational.
    • Examples: Violent protests; Rumours, gossip; Fashion trends; Fads

Crowds

  • Crowds are groups of people temporarily gathered together, often for a specific purpose.
  • Types include: Casual, Conventional, Expressive, and Acting crowds (e.g., protests, political rallies.)

Mob, Riot, Cult

  • Mob: An emotional crowd with a violent/destructive purpose
  • Riot: A disorganized, frenzied crowd without a specific goal, often destructive.
  • Cult: A group with shared beliefs, often revolving around a charismatic leader.

Socialization

  • Socialization is a lifelong process where individuals learn societal norms, customs, and ideologies.
  • It develops the skills needed for participation in society
  • Agents of socialization: Family, peers, schools, media, and the surrounding environment are significant influences on socialization.

Social Movements

  • Social movements are collective efforts aimed at bringing about social change.
  • Theories: Deprivation theory, mass society theory, social concern theory, and structural strain theory explain the rise of various social movements.

Social Control

  • Social control are mechanisms used by society to manage and regulate behaviors and conformity.
  • Examples include norms, laws, and formal/informal sanctions.

Deviance

  • Deviance is any behavior that deviates from generally accepted social norms or expectations.
  • Causes: Biological, psychological, and sociological theories attempt to explain deviant behavior (ex: social learning theory, strain theory).
  • Types: Formal (criminal) and informal (non-criminal)

Strain Theory & Differential Association

  • Strain theory explains deviance as arising from a discrepancy between societal goals and the means of achieving them.
  • Differential association theory argues that deviance is learned from interactions with others and exposure to deviant norms.

Personality Theories:

  • Piaget's Cognitive Development: Stages of cognitive development from infancy to adolescence, involving sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.
  • Cooley's Looking-Glass Self: Self-concept is developed from the perspectives of others.
  • Mead's Role-Taking Theory: Learning to take the roles of others to understand social interactions.
  • Erikson's Lifelong Development: Stages of psychosocial development throughout life.

Prejudice and Discrimination

  • Prejudice is an unfavorable judgment based on biases, assumptions, or stereotypes.
  • Discrimination is an unequal treatment resulting from prejudice, often systematic.
  • Examples of prejudice & discrimination: Racism, sexism, ageism, and various forms of social stereotyping.

Sociology

  • Sociology is the scientific study of human groups and societal relationships.
  • It involves analyzing social structures and interactions to understand human behaviors.

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Description

Explore the various types of families, including nuclear, extended, and single-parent families, and their roles in meeting social needs. Additionally, dive into famous group behavior experiments like the Asch and Milgram experiments, which reveal insights into conformity and obedience.

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