Familia Retroviridae y Características de Virus
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Questions and Answers

¿Cuál de los siguientes virus pertenece al género Lentivirus?

  • Virus de sarcoma aviar
  • Virus de leucemia felina (FelV)
  • Virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) (correct)
  • Virus de leucosis bovina (BLV)

¿Qué característica define a los retrovirus en su replicación?

  • Infecciones sin integración al ADN huésped
  • Retro transcripción del RNA a DNA (correct)
  • RNA de doble cadena negativa
  • No generan oncogenes

¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones sobre el tropismo del VIH es correcta?

  • No genera inmunodeficiencia
  • Tiene tropismo en linfocitos T CD4 (correct)
  • Elimina por completo la producción de anticuerpos
  • Afecta a los linfocitos B

¿Cuál de los siguientes géneros retrovirales se asocia con la generación de tumores?

<p>Alpharetrovirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué información es incorrecta respecto a la mutación en los retrovirus?

<p>No presentan variabilidad genética (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué ocurre cuando un linfocito expresa altas concentraciones del antígeno FOCMA?

<p>Aumenta la destrucción de linfocitos y causa inmunosupresión. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones sobre el diagnóstico de inmunodeficiencia felina es correcta?

<p>Se detecta la presencia de anticuerpos en el organismo. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el objetivo principal del tratamiento en gatos con enfermedades como FelV y FIV?

<p>Controlar los síntomas y mejorar la calidad de vida. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué intervenciones son recomendables para mantener la salud de gatos con FelV y FIV?

<p>Realizar chequeos generales regularmente. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones sobre el interferón es correcta?

<p>Bloquea la replicación del virus solo cuando hay síntomas presentes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el tamaño aproximado del virus mencionado?

<p>80-100 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué proteína se une al receptor CD4 durante el ciclo viral?

<p>SU (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes es una posible vía de transmisión del virus?

<p>Relaciones sexuales (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué etapa de la patogénesis se caracteriza por la replicación del virus y síntomas similares a la gripe?

<p>Infección aguda (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué función tiene la proteína integrasa en el virus?

<p>Permite la integración del DNA en el genoma del huésped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué se forma durante el ciclo viral al liberar el RNA en el citoplasma?

<p>DNA de cadena sencilla (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de virus tiene el genoma mencionado en el contenido?

<p>RNA de cadena sencilla diploide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué proteína de la envoltura se une al correceptor durante el ciclo viral?

<p>TM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el método preferido para prevenir la transmisión de Leucemia Bovina?

<p>Uso de agujas desechables por individuo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué porcentaje de animales puede presentar linfocitosis persistente debido a la Leucemia Bovina?

<p>30% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de virus es el maedi visna?

<p>Un lentivirus de pequeños rumiantes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es uno de los principales modos de transmisión del virus de la Leucemia Bovina?

<p>A través de calostro y leche infectada (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

En el caso de los lentivirus, ¿qué tipo de células son principalmente atacadas?

<p>Monocitos y macrófagos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

La Leucemia Bovina tiene una prevalencia del 67.7% en granjas ganaderas en qué país?

<p>Colombia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el tratamiento principal para la Leucemia Bovina?

<p>Tratamiento sintomático (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué síntomas son característicos de la infección por el virus de maedi visna?

<p>Pérdida de peso progresiva y disnea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la fase terminal en el proceso de SIDA felino?

<p>Fase terminal donde el felino muere debido a la inmunosupresión (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es un método de diagnóstico correcto para detectar infecciones en felinos?

<p>Detección del genoma mediante PCR cuantitativa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de tratamiento es indicado para combatir el SIDA felino?

<p>MULTITERAPIA que incluye varios fármacos (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué caracteriza a la fase aguda del SIDA felino?

<p>Síntomas leves y tropismo por linfocitos (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué significa profilaxis pre-exposición en el contexto de SIDA felino?

<p>Uso diario de medicamentos para individuos en riesgo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

En la leucemia felina, ¿qué ocurre durante la fase regresiva?

<p>El virus permanece en bajas concentraciones en la médula ósea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes infecciones puede aparecer en el SIDA felino?

<p>Infecciones crónicas y recurrentes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo se transmite el virus del SIDA felino?

<p>A través de leche, semen o sangre (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones sobre la leucemia felina es cierta?

<p>El virus se elimina principalmente a través de la saliva. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es el principal vector de transmisión de la Anemia Infecciosa Equina?

<p>El tábano y mosquitos. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la fase que presenta altas concentraciones virales en la Anemia Infecciosa Equina?

<p>Fase aguda. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es un signo clínico asociado a la Anemia Infecciosa Equina en fase aguda?

<p>Anorexia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de prueba se utiliza para diagnosticar la Anemia Infecciosa Equina?

<p>Prueba de Coggins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones es correcta sobre el proceso de infección de la Anemia Infecciosa Equina?

<p>Puede ser inaparente en la fase subclínica. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué ocurre con un caballo confirmado con Anemia Infecciosa Equina?

<p>Se debe declarar y sacrificar. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es una característica clínica de la fase crónica de la Anemia Infecciosa Equina?

<p>Depresión recurrente. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Retroviridae Family

A family of viruses characterized by having single-stranded RNA that becomes double-stranded DNA through reverse transcription.

Reverse Transcription

The process by which retroviruses convert their RNA into DNA using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (RT).

Integrase Enzyme

The enzyme that allows retroviruses to integrate their genetic material into the host cell's DNA.

HIV/AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It targets CD4 T lymphocytes, weakening the immune system.

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Oncogene Activation

Retroviruses can activate cellular oncogenes, leading to tumor formation.

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HIV Virion Size

HIV is an enveloped virus, roughly 80-100 nanometers in size, with a pleomorphic (variable) shape.

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HIV Genome

HIV's genetic material is a single-stranded RNA, which is important for the replication cycle and retroviral characteristics. It is diploid (two strands).

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HIV Retroviral Enzymes

HIV contains key enzymes like reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase (IN), and protease, essential for its replication within a host cell.

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HIV Receptor/Coreceptor

HIV uses CD4 as a primary receptor and either CCR5 or CXCR4 as coreceptors to enter host cells, primarily targeting CD4+ T helper cells.

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HIV Infection Stages

HIV infection progresses through stages: (1) acute infection, (2) subclinical, and (3) ... (information incomplete about the stages in the document).

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HIV Transmission

HIV can be transmitted through various routes, including mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding; sexual contact; blood transfusions; and, less commonly, through shared needles or contaminated medical equipment.

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HIV Replication Cycle

HIV enters cells by fusing to the cell membrane or by endocytosis, converting its RNA into DNA, integrating that DNA into the host's genome, then replicating its RNA and exiting the cell through budding.

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Provirus

The integrated form of viral DNA into the host cell's genome.

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Feline AIDS (FAIDS)

A disease where the virus weakens the cat's immune system, leading to secondary infections and eventually death.

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Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

A retrovirus that infects cats and can lead to cancer and other serious illnesses.

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Retrovirus Replication

Cycle of virus reproducing in a host organism, leading to disease.

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Viral Load

Amount of a virus present in the body, often used to monitor the progression of infections.

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Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

Treatment for retroviral infections, like feline immunodeficiency virus.

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Acute Phase (Retroviral)

Initial phase of a retroviral infection in cats, often with mild symptoms.

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Immunosuppression

Weakening of the immune system, making the body vulnerable to infections.

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PCR Diagnosis

A method used to detect the genetic material of a virus.

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FIV/FelV Diagnosis

FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) is diagnosed by detecting antibodies, while FelV (Feline Leukemia Virus) is diagnosed by detecting antigens.

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FOCMA Antigen & Immunosuppression

High concentrations of FOCMA antigen on infected lymphocytes lead to immune system suppression due to increased destruction by Natural Killer (NK) cells.

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Feline Viral Diseases Treatment

Treatment for FIV and FelV focuses on symptom management, not cure.

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Antiviral Medications for FIV/FelV

Antivirals like AZT (zidovudine) and raltegravir target viral replication processes.

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Prevention of FIV & FelV in Cats

Vaccination before exposure, monitoring after exposure, and avoiding stress are essential preventative measures for these diseases.

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Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)

A retrovirus common in cattle, causing life-long infection, and often leading to tumors and/or lymphocytosis.

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BLV Transmission

BLV can spread through contaminated needles/equipment or through the mother to calf via milk/colostrum.

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BLV Pathogenesis

BLV causes tumors, targeting lymphocytes (white blood cells). This can lead to lymphomas.

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BLV Prevention

Preventing BLV involves measures like using sterile needles, proper sterilization techniques, and avoiding contact with infected animals.

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Maedi-Visna

Lentivirus affecting small ruminants, frequently causing progressive pneumonia, weight loss, and respiratory issues.

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Lentivirus Diagnosis

Diagnosing lentiviruses (like Maedi-Visna) often involves analyzing different bodily fluids: synovial fluid, milk and blood.

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Control and Prevention

Measures to prevent and control disease, such as quarantining new animals, controlling vectors, and ensuring vaccination/health certificates for moving animals.

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Treatment for viruses

Currently, there are no vaccines or specific treatments for these viruses; rather, symptoms are treated.

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Anemia Infecciosa Equina (AIEV)

A contagious viral disease affecting horses, characterized by acute, persistent, and recurrent infection, often leading to death.

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Transmission of AIEV

Spread occurs through vectors like horseflies, contaminated needles or equipment, and less frequently via vertical transmission or contaminated food/water.

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AIEV Pathogenesis

The disease's development involves a tropism for macrophages, triggering inflammatory cytokines. Antibodies typically develop 14-28 days after infection, peaking 90-148 days later.

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AIEV Acute Phase

High viral load (1x10^6), fever, anemia, anorexia, thrombocytopenia, lymph node enlargement, and ventral edema are common.

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AIEV Chronic Phase

Lower viral load (1x10^4), recurrent illness, and depression.

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AIEV Subclinical Phase

Very low viral load (0.1/ml), resulting in no noticeable symptoms, immunosuppression, and serves as a reservoir for the virus.

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AIEV Diagnosis

Diagnosis can be done by detecting antibodies (via Coggins test, AGID, or immunodiffusion) and the viral genome, which is often a required step.

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AIEV Control

Control strategies for AIEV focus on preventing transmission and promptly diagnosing cases, often with mandatory reporting and animal disposal.

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Study Notes

FAMILIA RETROVIRIDAE

  • Four important genera: Lentivirus, Deltaretrovirus, Gammaretrovirus, Alfaretrovirus
  • Lentivirus: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), Small ruminant lentivirus (SLV)
  • Deltaretrovirus: Bovine leukemia virus (BLV).
  • Gammaretrovirus: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), Feline sarcoma virus.
  • Alfaretrovirus: Avian sarcoma virus, Avian leukemia virus.

VIRUS CHARACTERISTICS

  • RNA single-stranded positive: Retrotranscribes RNA to DNA
  • Integrase enzyme integrates viral DNA into host DNA
  • Oncogenes can transform cells
  • T-cell immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV)
  • High mutation rates generate quasi-species
  • Examples of characteristics are shown with HIV-SIDA

SIDA (AIDS)

  • Affects over 40 million people globally

AVIAN SARCOMA VIRUS

  • Infects birds

RETROVIRUSES

  • Virus with RNA genomes.
  • Retroviruses reverse transcribe their RNA genomes into DNA before integrating them into the host DNA.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

  • Group 6 of Baltimore
  • RNA single-stranded positive
  • Retrotranscription occurs through reverse transcriptase
  • Viral genome integrates into host genome
  • Generate tumors

ANIMAL DISEASES

  • Bovine leukemia virus: causes tumors
  • Feline immunodeficiency virus: impairs the immune system
  • Feline leukemia virus: causes various tumors
  • Avian sarcoma virus: causes tumors in birds
  • Avian leukemia virus: causes leukemia in birds
  • Small ruminant lentivirus: causes arthritis and encephalitis in sheep and goats..

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Familia Retroviridae PDF

Description

Este cuestionario explora la familia Retroviridae y sus géneros importantes como Lentivirus y Deltaretrovirus. Se centran en características como la transcripción inversa y el impacto del VIH en la salud global. ¡Pon a prueba tu conocimiento sobre estos virus y sus efectos!

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