Introduction into microbiology

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Questions and Answers

What term describes microorganisms that can cause disease?

Commensal

Opportunistic

Pathogenic (correct)

Innocuous

Which type of microorganism thrives at temperatures between 30-45 degrees Celsius?

Psychrophiles

Hyperthermophiles

Thermophiles

Mesophiles (correct)

Which term refers to the ability of pathogens to cause damage to a host?

Innocuous

Endemic

Virulence (correct)

Commensal

What do we call a sudden and rapid spread of disease or infection?

Epidemic Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism thrives in a highly acidic environment with an optimum pH of 3-4?

Acidophile Signup and view all the answers

What defines a pandemic?

Global spread of disease Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism prefers growth at very hot temperatures, specifically between 90-100 degrees Celsius?

Hyperthermophiles Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to organisms that can take advantage of certain conditions to thrive?

Opportunistic Signup and view all the answers

What defines a commensal organism?

Benefits without helping or harming Signup and view all the answers

Which microorganism grows best in neutral pH conditions, typically around pH 6-7?

Neutrophile Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a 'new infection'?

Invasion and growth of microorganisms. Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganisms are prokaryotes?

Unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes obligate anaerobes?

They are harmed by the presence of oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'transmission' refer to in microbiology?

The process by which a pathogen spreads from host to host. Signup and view all the answers

What are metabolites?

Any substance produced during metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes re-emerging infections?

Infections that lessen then return. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'prodromal period'?

The initial signs before severe symptoms appear. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganisms contain a nucleus?

Eukaryotes. Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in the body?

Speed up metabolism and chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an 'old infection'?

Chronic infections that last for several years. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbiology Terms

New infection: Microorganisms invade and grow within a host.
'Old' infection: Chronic infections persist for extended periods, potentially years.
Re-emerging infections: Infections that resurfaced after a decline in prevalence.
Pathogenesis: The process of disease development and progression.
Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and other organelles.
Eukaryotes: Organisms with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Commensal: Microbes residing on body surfaces or mucosa without causing harm.
Obligate aerobes: Organisms requiring oxygen for growth.
Facultative anaerobes: Anaerobes capable of using oxygen for growth but can also survive without it .
Obligate anaerobes: Anaerobes harmed and unable to survive in the presence of oxygen.
Metabolites: Substances produced during metabolic processes.
Enzymes: Proteins that accelerate metabolic or chemical reactions.
Endotoxin: A component of the bacterial cell wall released upon cell death.
Exotoxin: A toxin produced within bacteria and released into the surrounding environment.
Transmission: The process of spreading a pathogen from one host to another.
Incubation period: The time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms.
Prodromal period: The early stage of illness with subtle symptoms before more severe ones appear.
Innocuous: Not harmful or offensive.
Pathogenic: Capable of causing disease.
Endemic: A disease confined to a specific geographical region.
Epidemic: A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a region.
Pandemic: A global outbreak of a disease, new or existing.
Virulence: The degree to which a pathogen can cause harm to a host.
Opportunistic: Organisms capable of thriving in various conditions but become pathogenic during opportune circumstances.

Microbial Growth Factors

Temperature

Mesophiles: Thrive in moderate temperatures, optimally between 30 and 45 degrees Celsius.
Thermophiles: Grow best at high temperatures, optimally between 60 to 70 degrees Celsius.
Psychrophiles: Grow best at low temperatures, optimally between 5 to 15 degrees Celsius.
Hyperthermophiles: Grow best in very hot temperatures, optimally between 90 to 100 degrees Celsius.

pH

Acidophile: Prefer highly acidic conditions, with an optimum pH level of 3 to 4.
Neutrophile: Grow best in neutral conditions, with an optimum pH level of 6 to 7.
Alkaliphile: Thrive under highly alkaline conditions, with an optimum pH level of 9 to 10.