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Questions and Answers
Which research paradigm is based on the belief that reality is objective and can be measured?
Which research paradigm recognizes that complete objectivity is not possible and that human behavior is complex?
Which of the following is true about deductive reasoning?
Which research paradigm views reality as subjective and believes that individuals construct their own realities?
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What is the purpose of conducting a literature review in a study?
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Which research paradigm focuses on raising awareness and promoting social change?
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What is the final step in a study after analyzing the data?
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Which type of sampling procedure is more commonly used by qualitative researchers?
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Which of the following factors does NOT influence sample size?
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What is sampling bias?
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Which of the following is NOT a critical research approach mentioned in the text?
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Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a research statement to meet?
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What is the purpose of a statement of purpose in a research article?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a good research question?
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Which of the following best describes the operational definition of a concept in quantitative research?
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Which of the following is an example of an extraneous variable in quantitative research?
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Which of the following is a threat to internal validity in quantitative research?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the perspectives in ethnography?
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What is the main goal of phenomenology?
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Which sampling plan involves dividing the population into two or more strata and selecting elements randomly from each subgroup?
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What is the main purpose of narrative inquiry?
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Study Notes
Research Paradigms
- Objective Reality: The positivist paradigm views reality as objective and measurable, allowing researchers to gather and analyze quantitative data.
- Complex Human Behavior: The interpretivist paradigm acknowledges that complete objectivity is unachievable, emphasizing the complexity of human behavior and context in social research.
- Subjective Reality: Constructivist research paradigm believes individuals create their own interpretations of reality and acknowledges the subjective nature of experiences.
- Social Change Focus: The critical paradigm prioritizes raising awareness and fostering social change through research, often seeking to address power imbalances.
Research Methodology
- Literature Review Purpose: Conducting a literature review helps contextualize the research problem, identify gaps in current knowledge, and refine research questions.
- Final Step in Analysis: The final step in a study after analyzing data is typically drawing conclusions and interpreting findings in relation to research questions.
- Qualitative Sampling: Purposeful or non-probability sampling is more prevalent among qualitative researchers to select participants based on specific characteristics relevant to the study.
Research Considerations
- Influence on Sample Size: Factors like the research design, population size, and expected effect size impact sample size; however, budget constraints do not inherently influence the sample size.
- Sampling Bias: Occurs when certain members of a population are systematically excluded or disproportionately represented in the sample, leading to skewed findings.
- Research Approaches: Characteristics of critical research approaches include participatory action, qualitative, and mixed methods. Any technique that does not fit these criteria is excluded.
Research Statements and Definitions
- Research Statement Criteria: A research statement must be clear, focused, and researchable, allowing for empirical investigation and contributing to existing knowledge.
- Statement of Purpose: This section outlines the objectives and goals of the research, guiding the study and clarifying its significance to the reader.
- Good Research Question: A quality research question should be specific, measurable, and relevant to the field of study, guiding the investigation effectively.
Quantitative Research Characteristics
- Operational Definition: In quantitative research, an operational definition clearly specifies how a concept will be measured, ensuring clarity and consistency in data collection.
- Extraneous Variable Example: An extraneous variable could be a confounding factor that inadvertently affects the dependent variable and must be controlled to maintain study validity.
- Threats to Internal Validity: Common threats include selection bias, confounding variables, and attrition, which may compromise the integrity of study conclusions.
Qualitative Research Features
- Qualitative Research: Characterized by a focus on understanding human experiences, qualitative research often employs open-ended questions and emphasizes narrative analysis.
- Ethnography Perspectives: Common perspectives in ethnography include emic (insider) and etic (outsider) views, but others like qualitative meta-analysis do not apply.
- Phenomenology Goal: The main goal of phenomenology is to understand and interpret the lived experiences of individuals, providing insights into the essence of those experiences.
Sampling Methods
- Stratified Sampling: Involves dividing a population into strata or groups and randomly selecting samples from each, ensuring a representative sample across varied characteristics.
- Narrative Inquiry Purpose: The primary aim of narrative inquiry is to explore and understand personal stories and experiences, highlighting how individuals construct meaning and identity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on different research paradigms, deductive reasoning, and the purpose of literature reviews in studies with this quiz. Identify which paradigm believes in objective reality, recognizes subjective construction of reality, or focuses on social change.
