Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following bones is considered a 'major' bone of the cranium?
Which of the following bones is considered a 'major' bone of the cranium?
What structure creates greater surface area to aid in cleansing and humidifying air that passes through the nostrils into the lungs?
What structure creates greater surface area to aid in cleansing and humidifying air that passes through the nostrils into the lungs?
Which bone forms the entire upper jaw and contributes to the formation of the roof of the mouth and the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
Which bone forms the entire upper jaw and contributes to the formation of the roof of the mouth and the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
What is the most superior point of the skull called?
What is the most superior point of the skull called?
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Which bone is not considered a 'major' bone of the cranium?
Which bone is not considered a 'major' bone of the cranium?
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What is the opening found at the base of the skull between and behind the styloid processes called?
What is the opening found at the base of the skull between and behind the styloid processes called?
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Which bone is not part of the facial skeleton?
Which bone is not part of the facial skeleton?
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What is the bony projection on the medial side of the ear canal called?
What is the bony projection on the medial side of the ear canal called?
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Which bone forms much of the floor of the nasal cavity and the anterior ¾ of the bony roof of the mouth (hard palate)?
Which bone forms much of the floor of the nasal cavity and the anterior ¾ of the bony roof of the mouth (hard palate)?
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What is the small opening just posterior to the upper central incisor called?
What is the small opening just posterior to the upper central incisor called?
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Which structure mediates the adjustments of articulation in the vocal tract?
Which structure mediates the adjustments of articulation in the vocal tract?
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Which cavity is often divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx?
Which cavity is often divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx?
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What is the primary component of the muscular floor of the oral cavity?
What is the primary component of the muscular floor of the oral cavity?
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Which structure is bounded anteriorly and laterally by the lips and teeth?
Which structure is bounded anteriorly and laterally by the lips and teeth?
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Which cavity communicates with the tympanic, oral, laryngeal, and nasal cavities as well as the esophagus?
Which cavity communicates with the tympanic, oral, laryngeal, and nasal cavities as well as the esophagus?
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Which part of the vocal tract resembles the letter 'F'?
Which part of the vocal tract resembles the letter 'F'?
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Which structure is a key articulator for the adjustments of articulation in the vocal tract?
Which structure is a key articulator for the adjustments of articulation in the vocal tract?
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Which cavity extends from the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage?
Which cavity extends from the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage?
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Which cavity is largely connective tissue and mucoperiosteum superiorly, becoming increasingly muscular downward?
Which cavity is largely connective tissue and mucoperiosteum superiorly, becoming increasingly muscular downward?
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Which structure bounds the oral cavity posteriorly?
Which structure bounds the oral cavity posteriorly?
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Which bone contributes to the lateral wall and floor of the orbital cavity?
Which bone contributes to the lateral wall and floor of the orbital cavity?
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Which bone forms the bridge of the nose and lies medially to the frontal process of maxillary bones?
Which bone forms the bridge of the nose and lies medially to the frontal process of maxillary bones?
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Which bone creates the division between the left and right sides of the nasal cavity?
Which bone creates the division between the left and right sides of the nasal cavity?
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Which bone is situated in the middle of the skull and connects to all other bones of the cranium?
Which bone is situated in the middle of the skull and connects to all other bones of the cranium?
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Which bone forms the lower and back portions of the cranium and contains the foramen magnum and occipital condyles?
Which bone forms the lower and back portions of the cranium and contains the foramen magnum and occipital condyles?
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Which bone consists of a body and four processes, forming the zygomatic arch or cheekbone?
Which bone consists of a body and four processes, forming the zygomatic arch or cheekbone?
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Which bone is a single, U-shaped bone, with a body, mental symphysis, alveolar arch, and mandibular rami?
Which bone is a single, U-shaped bone, with a body, mental symphysis, alveolar arch, and mandibular rami?
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Which bone contributes to the formation of nasal, oral, and orbital cavities and is relatively small?
Which bone contributes to the formation of nasal, oral, and orbital cavities and is relatively small?
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Which bone is a bony structure by itself, sitting on the vertical bony nasal septum?
Which bone is a bony structure by itself, sitting on the vertical bony nasal septum?
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Which bone has a superior border containing coronoid and condylar processes and contributes to speech and oral cavity modifications during speech production?
Which bone has a superior border containing coronoid and condylar processes and contributes to speech and oral cavity modifications during speech production?
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Which structure connects the lip to the alveolar region and is weaker in the lower lip than the upper lip?
Which structure connects the lip to the alveolar region and is weaker in the lower lip than the upper lip?
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What is the vertical groove connecting the tubercle to the septum of the nose called?
What is the vertical groove connecting the tubercle to the septum of the nose called?
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Which structure forms the orifice of the mouth and part of the external boundary of the oral cavity?
Which structure forms the orifice of the mouth and part of the external boundary of the oral cavity?
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What is the well-defined line where the skin of the lips terminates called?
What is the well-defined line where the skin of the lips terminates called?
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Which part of the lips is covered externally by skin and internally by mucous membrane?
Which part of the lips is covered externally by skin and internally by mucous membrane?
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What is the fold of tissue found on the inner surface of the upper lip that connects the lip to the alveolar region called?
What is the fold of tissue found on the inner surface of the upper lip that connects the lip to the alveolar region called?
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What is the vertical ridge that bounds each side of the philtrum called?
What is the vertical ridge that bounds each side of the philtrum called?
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Which of the following is the most movable and adjustable cavity in the vocal tract?
Which of the following is the most movable and adjustable cavity in the vocal tract?
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Which structure is a mediator of facial expression and provides visible secondary cues that facilitate communication?
Which structure is a mediator of facial expression and provides visible secondary cues that facilitate communication?
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Which structure is associated with the initiation of the digestive process?
Which structure is associated with the initiation of the digestive process?
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Which type of teeth are seen as the precursors of the digestive tract?
Which type of teeth are seen as the precursors of the digestive tract?
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What is the primary substance of mucus in the oral cavity?
What is the primary substance of mucus in the oral cavity?
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Which class of occlusion describes the relationship where the cusps of the first mandibular molar rest ahead and inside of the corresponding cusps of the maxillary teeth?
Which class of occlusion describes the relationship where the cusps of the first mandibular molar rest ahead and inside of the corresponding cusps of the maxillary teeth?
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What is the number of permanent teeth in each jaw?
What is the number of permanent teeth in each jaw?
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What is the primary function of premolars in the oral cavity?
What is the primary function of premolars in the oral cavity?
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What is the primary function of incisors in the oral cavity?
What is the primary function of incisors in the oral cavity?
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What is the primary function of canines in the oral cavity?
What is the primary function of canines in the oral cavity?
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What is the term for the amount by which the upper incisors lie anterior to the lower incisors?
What is the term for the amount by which the upper incisors lie anterior to the lower incisors?
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What is the term for the persistent space between the anterior teeth in the oral cavity?
What is the term for the persistent space between the anterior teeth in the oral cavity?
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What is the term for the condition where the posterior teeth fail to meet in the oral cavity?
What is the term for the condition where the posterior teeth fail to meet in the oral cavity?
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Which muscle is responsible for shortening and elevating the soft palate and strengthening the seal of the velopharyngeal port?
Which muscle is responsible for shortening and elevating the soft palate and strengthening the seal of the velopharyngeal port?
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Which muscle assists in creating a greater seal of the velopharyngeal port by pulling the lateral walls inward?
Which muscle assists in creating a greater seal of the velopharyngeal port by pulling the lateral walls inward?
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Which muscle lowers the soft palate?
Which muscle lowers the soft palate?
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Which muscle is responsible for lowering the velum and pulling it back?
Which muscle is responsible for lowering the velum and pulling it back?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating the soft palate and closing off the velopharyngeal port?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the soft palate and closing off the velopharyngeal port?
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Which muscle group forms the bulk of the soft palate?
Which muscle group forms the bulk of the soft palate?
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Which muscle tenses and lowers the soft palate and dilates the Eustachian tube?
Which muscle tenses and lowers the soft palate and dilates the Eustachian tube?
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Which muscle originates from the nasal spines of the palatine bone and palatine aponeurosis?
Which muscle originates from the nasal spines of the palatine bone and palatine aponeurosis?
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Which muscle is responsible for shortening and elevating the soft palate and strengthening the seal of the velopharyngeal port?
Which muscle is responsible for shortening and elevating the soft palate and strengthening the seal of the velopharyngeal port?
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Which muscle assists in creating a greater seal of the velopharyngeal port by pulling the lateral walls inward?
Which muscle assists in creating a greater seal of the velopharyngeal port by pulling the lateral walls inward?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for closing the lips and aiding in the function of the cheeks during mastication?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for closing the lips and aiding in the function of the cheeks during mastication?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for retracting the tongue and narrowing the pharynx during swallowing?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for retracting the tongue and narrowing the pharynx during swallowing?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for raising the floor of the mouth and the base of the tongue during swallowing and speaking?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for raising the floor of the mouth and the base of the tongue during swallowing and speaking?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating and protruding the tongue during swallowing and speaking?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating and protruding the tongue during swallowing and speaking?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for closing the jaw and aiding in the initial phase of mastication?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for closing the jaw and aiding in the initial phase of mastication?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for tensing the soft palate and opening the Eustachian tube during swallowing and speaking?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for tensing the soft palate and opening the Eustachian tube during swallowing and speaking?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for lowering the soft palate and aiding in the closing of the nasopharynx during swallowing and speaking?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for lowering the soft palate and aiding in the closing of the nasopharynx during swallowing and speaking?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for shortening and elevating the soft palate and strengthening the seal of the velopharyngeal port?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for shortening and elevating the soft palate and strengthening the seal of the velopharyngeal port?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for dilating the pharynx and assisting in swallowing and speaking?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for dilating the pharynx and assisting in swallowing and speaking?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for narrowing the pharynx and assisting in swallowing and speaking?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for narrowing the pharynx and assisting in swallowing and speaking?
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Which muscle is responsible for narrowing and elongating the tongue?
Which muscle is responsible for narrowing and elongating the tongue?
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What is the primary innervation for the palatoglossus muscle?
What is the primary innervation for the palatoglossus muscle?
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Which muscle assists in protruding and elevating the tongue?
Which muscle assists in protruding and elevating the tongue?
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What is the primary function of the mandibular elevator muscles?
What is the primary function of the mandibular elevator muscles?
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Which nerve innervates the muscles responsible for the normal mobility of the lower jaw?
Which nerve innervates the muscles responsible for the normal mobility of the lower jaw?
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What is the primary function of the hyoglossus muscle?
What is the primary function of the hyoglossus muscle?
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Which muscle is responsible for turning and narrowing the tongue?
Which muscle is responsible for turning and narrowing the tongue?
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What is the primary function of the palatoglossus muscle?
What is the primary function of the palatoglossus muscle?
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Which muscle is responsible for flattening and elevating the tongue?
Which muscle is responsible for flattening and elevating the tongue?
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What is the primary innervation for the mandibular elevator muscles?
What is the primary innervation for the mandibular elevator muscles?
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Which muscle originates in the temporal fossa and is built for speed, raising the mandible and assisting in its retraction and lateral movement?
Which muscle originates in the temporal fossa and is built for speed, raising the mandible and assisting in its retraction and lateral movement?
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Which muscle forms the muscular floor of the mouth, elevating the hyoid bone and depressing the mandible?
Which muscle forms the muscular floor of the mouth, elevating the hyoid bone and depressing the mandible?
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Which muscle, located above the mylohyoid muscle, pulls the hyoid bone up and forward or depresses the mandible?
Which muscle, located above the mylohyoid muscle, pulls the hyoid bone up and forward or depresses the mandible?
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Which muscle, originating from the sphenoid bone, depresses and protrudes the mandible, moving the jaw in a grinding fashion?
Which muscle, originating from the sphenoid bone, depresses and protrudes the mandible, moving the jaw in a grinding fashion?
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Which muscle consists of two fleshy bellies, with the anterior belly elevating the hyoid bone and the posterior belly performing a similar function?
Which muscle consists of two fleshy bellies, with the anterior belly elevating the hyoid bone and the posterior belly performing a similar function?
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Which muscle, located above the mylohyoid muscle, pulls the hyoid bone up and forward or depresses the mandible?
Which muscle, located above the mylohyoid muscle, pulls the hyoid bone up and forward or depresses the mandible?
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Which muscle, originating from the sphenoid bone, depresses and protrudes the mandible, moving the jaw in a grinding fashion?
Which muscle, originating from the sphenoid bone, depresses and protrudes the mandible, moving the jaw in a grinding fashion?
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Which muscle forms the muscular floor of the mouth, elevating the hyoid bone and depressing the mandible?
Which muscle forms the muscular floor of the mouth, elevating the hyoid bone and depressing the mandible?
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Which muscle, located above the mylohyoid muscle, pulls the hyoid bone up and forward or depresses the mandible?
Which muscle, located above the mylohyoid muscle, pulls the hyoid bone up and forward or depresses the mandible?
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Which muscle, originating from the sphenoid bone, depresses and protrudes the mandible, moving the jaw in a grinding fashion?
Which muscle, originating from the sphenoid bone, depresses and protrudes the mandible, moving the jaw in a grinding fashion?
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Which muscle consists of two fleshy bellies, with the anterior belly elevating the hyoid bone and the posterior belly performing a similar function?
Which muscle consists of two fleshy bellies, with the anterior belly elevating the hyoid bone and the posterior belly performing a similar function?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for narrowing and elongating the tongue?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for narrowing and elongating the tongue?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for raising the floor of the mouth and the base of the tongue during swallowing and speaking?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for raising the floor of the mouth and the base of the tongue during swallowing and speaking?
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Which muscle is responsible for shortening and elevating the soft palate and strengthening the seal of the velopharyngeal port?
Which muscle is responsible for shortening and elevating the soft palate and strengthening the seal of the velopharyngeal port?
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Which muscle primarily assists in creating a greater seal of the velopharyngeal port by pulling the lateral walls inward?
Which muscle primarily assists in creating a greater seal of the velopharyngeal port by pulling the lateral walls inward?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for tensing the soft palate and opening the Eustachian tube during swallowing and speaking?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for tensing the soft palate and opening the Eustachian tube during swallowing and speaking?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for closing the lips and aiding in the function of the cheeks during mastication?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for closing the lips and aiding in the function of the cheeks during mastication?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for retracting the tongue and narrowing the pharynx during swallowing?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for retracting the tongue and narrowing the pharynx during swallowing?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for raising the floor of the mouth and depressing the mandible?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for raising the floor of the mouth and depressing the mandible?
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Which muscle, located above the mylohyoid muscle, pulls the hyoid bone up and forward or depresses the mandible?
Which muscle, located above the mylohyoid muscle, pulls the hyoid bone up and forward or depresses the mandible?
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Which muscle, originating from the sphenoid bone, depresses and protrudes the mandible, moving the jaw in a grinding fashion?
Which muscle, originating from the sphenoid bone, depresses and protrudes the mandible, moving the jaw in a grinding fashion?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating and opening the pharynx?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating and opening the pharynx?
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Which muscle assists in narrowing and elongating the pharynx?
Which muscle assists in narrowing and elongating the pharynx?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating and narrowing the pharynx?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating and narrowing the pharynx?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for constricting the pharynx?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for constricting the pharynx?
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Which muscle assists in elevating and opening the pharynx?
Which muscle assists in elevating and opening the pharynx?
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Which muscle originates from the cornua of the hyoid bone and assists in constricting the pharynx?
Which muscle originates from the cornua of the hyoid bone and assists in constricting the pharynx?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating and narrowing the pharynx?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating and narrowing the pharynx?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for constricting the pharynx?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for constricting the pharynx?
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Which muscle assists in elevating and opening the pharynx?
Which muscle assists in elevating and opening the pharynx?
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Which muscle originates from the cornua of the hyoid bone and assists in constricting the pharynx?
Which muscle originates from the cornua of the hyoid bone and assists in constricting the pharynx?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for flaring the nostrils?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for flaring the nostrils?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for wrinkling the chin and protruding the lower lip?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for wrinkling the chin and protruding the lower lip?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for compressing the lips for speech sounds?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for compressing the lips for speech sounds?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for pulling the lips against the teeth?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for pulling the lips against the teeth?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the upper lip and producing smiling expressions?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the upper lip and producing smiling expressions?
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Which part of the nose forms the highest point or peak?
Which part of the nose forms the highest point or peak?
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Which cartilage of the nose forms the flexible outer wall of the nostril?
Which cartilage of the nose forms the flexible outer wall of the nostril?
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Which structure controls air intake through the nose?
Which structure controls air intake through the nose?
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Which muscle contributes to nose movements and is responsible for dilating the nostrils?
Which muscle contributes to nose movements and is responsible for dilating the nostrils?
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Which structure forms the upper part of the respiratory system and digestive tract?
Which structure forms the upper part of the respiratory system and digestive tract?
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What is the fundamental frequency if the vocal folds vibrate at a rate of 200 times per second?
What is the fundamental frequency if the vocal folds vibrate at a rate of 200 times per second?
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What is the primary function of a spectrogram?
What is the primary function of a spectrogram?
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What happens when the vocal folds vibrate at a higher rate?
What happens when the vocal folds vibrate at a higher rate?
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What is the primary role of resistance to airflow at the level of the larynx?
What is the primary role of resistance to airflow at the level of the larynx?
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What is the function of formants in speech production?
What is the function of formants in speech production?
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What is the effect of a larger cavity in the vocal tract on the resonant frequency?
What is the effect of a larger cavity in the vocal tract on the resonant frequency?
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What happens when the vocal folds release one short-duration burst of air into the vocal tract each cycle?
What happens when the vocal folds release one short-duration burst of air into the vocal tract each cycle?
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Which stage of swallowing involves the epiglottis flipping down and the vocal folds closing?
Which stage of swallowing involves the epiglottis flipping down and the vocal folds closing?
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During which stage of swallowing does the swallow get initiated once the bolus reaches the anterior faucial pillars?
During which stage of swallowing does the swallow get initiated once the bolus reaches the anterior faucial pillars?
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What is the primary function of the cricopharyngeus muscle during swallowing?
What is the primary function of the cricopharyngeus muscle during swallowing?
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What is the final destination of the bolus during the Pharyngeal stage of swallowing?
What is the final destination of the bolus during the Pharyngeal stage of swallowing?
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What is the primary voluntary stage of swallowing that includes mastication and bolus formation?
What is the primary voluntary stage of swallowing that includes mastication and bolus formation?
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During which stage of swallowing does the bolus move from the upper esophagus to the lower esophagus and into the stomach?
During which stage of swallowing does the bolus move from the upper esophagus to the lower esophagus and into the stomach?
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What type of movements occur during the Pharyngeal stage for airway protection?
What type of movements occur during the Pharyngeal stage for airway protection?
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When does the initiation of the swallow reflex occur?
When does the initiation of the swallow reflex occur?
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What is the primary movement during the Oral stage of swallowing?
What is the primary movement during the Oral stage of swallowing?
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What primarily determines the fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration?
What primarily determines the fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration?
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What primarily determines formant frequencies in the vocal tract?
What primarily determines formant frequencies in the vocal tract?
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What primarily modifies vocal tone produced by the larynx?
What primarily modifies vocal tone produced by the larynx?
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What primarily accounts for most modifications to vocal fold vibrations?
What primarily accounts for most modifications to vocal fold vibrations?
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What primarily shapes the vocal tract for vowel production?
What primarily shapes the vocal tract for vowel production?
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What primarily determines the unique energy distribution or spectrum of each vowel in English?
What primarily determines the unique energy distribution or spectrum of each vowel in English?
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What primarily approximates the configuration of the vocal tract?
What primarily approximates the configuration of the vocal tract?
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Which type of consonants are produced by turbulent airflow through a constriction in the vocal tract?
Which type of consonants are produced by turbulent airflow through a constriction in the vocal tract?
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What distinguishes voiced and unvoiced consonants during production?
What distinguishes voiced and unvoiced consonants during production?
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What is the primary characteristic of nasals in speech production?
What is the primary characteristic of nasals in speech production?
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What is the function of coarticulation in speech production?
What is the function of coarticulation in speech production?
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Which type of consonants require complete closure of the vocal tract during production?
Which type of consonants require complete closure of the vocal tract during production?
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What are the frequencies present in sound initiated by vocal fold vibration called?
What are the frequencies present in sound initiated by vocal fold vibration called?
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Which type of sounds are characterized by frequency transitions, voicing, and minimal nasal coupling?
Which type of sounds are characterized by frequency transitions, voicing, and minimal nasal coupling?
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Study Notes
Facial and Cranial Bones Anatomy
- The mandible is a single, U-shaped bone, with a body, mental symphysis, alveolar arch, and mandibular rami.
- The mandible has a mental foramen, mylohyoid line, and superior border containing coronoid and condylar processes.
- The articulatory function of the mandible contributes to speech and oral cavity modifications during speech production.
- The nasal bones form the bridge of the nose and lie medially to the frontal process of maxillary bones.
- Palatine bones are relatively small, contributing to the formation of nasal, oral, and orbital cavities.
- Lacrimal bones contribute to the lateral wall and floor of the orbital cavity.
- Zygomatic bones consist of a body and four processes, forming the zygomatic arch or cheekbone.
- The inferior nasal conchae is a bony structure by itself, sitting on the vertical bony nasal septum.
- The vomer bone creates the division between the left and right sides of the nasal cavity.
- The cranium is comprised of eight bones, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones.
- The occipital bone forms the lower and back portions of the cranium, containing the foramen magnum and occipital condyles.
- The sphenoid bone, situated in the middle of the skull, connects to all other bones of the cranium and forms paranasal sinuses.
Muscles of the Mandible and Tonsils: Anatomy and Function
- The mandibular elevators, including the masseter, medial (internal) pterygoid, and temporalis muscles, are powerful muscles of mastication.
- The masseter and medial (internal) pterygoid muscles form the mandibular sling, supporting the angle of the mandible and attaching the ramus to the skull.
- The temporalis muscle, originating in the temporal fossa, is built for speed, raising the mandible and assisting in its retraction and lateral movement.
- The digastric muscle consists of two fleshy bellies, with the anterior belly elevating the hyoid bone and the posterior belly performing a similar function.
- The mylohyoid muscle forms the muscular floor of the mouth, elevating the hyoid bone and depressing the mandible.
- The geniohyoid muscle, located above the mylohyoid muscle, pulls the hyoid bone up and forward or depresses the mandible.
- The lateral pterygoid muscle, originating from the sphenoid bone, depresses and protrudes the mandible, moving the jaw in a grinding fashion.
- The faucial pillars contain muscle fibers, with the anterior and posterior faucial pillars consisting of the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeous muscles, respectively.
- The tonsils, including the lingual, pharyngeal (adenoids), and palatine tonsils, are part of Waldeyer’s ring, a defense mechanism against bacterial invasion.
- Enlarged adenoids can contribute to velopharyngeal closure issues, affecting speech and swallowing functions.
- Velopharyngeal closure regulates communication between oral and nasal cavities, and inadequate closure can result in nasalized speech or denasalized speech.
- Adequacy of velopharyngeal closure and appropriate timing of the valving action are important parameters of articulation, and the muscles mediating velum and pharynx movement work together to achieve this closure.
Facial Muscles and Nasal Anatomy
- Orbicularis Oris Muscle is the principal muscle acting upon the lips, encircling the mouth slit and closing/puckering the lips
- Transverse Facial Muscles, including buccinator and risorius, pull the lips against the teeth and facilitate lip compression for speech sounds
- Angular Facial Muscles, such as levator labii superior and zygomatic major, are instrumental in producing expressions like smiling
- Depressor Labii Inferior Muscle depresses the lower lip and is located beneath the lower lip just lateral to the midline
- Mentalis Muscle, a vertical facial muscle, wrinkles the chin and elevates, protrudes, and everts the lower lip
- Nose consists of the root, bridge, dorsum, apex, and base with nostrils (nares) and nasal cavities communicate with the nasopharynx
- Cartilages of the nose, including septal, lateral, and alar cartilages, form a liminal valve controlling air intake
- Nasal Cavities are narrow chambers separated by the nasal septum and communicate with the exterior through nostrils and with the nasopharynx through choanae
- Nose Muscles like depressor alae nasi and levator labii superior alaeque nasi contribute to nose movements
- Pharynx, a cone-shaped musculotendinous tube, forms the upper part of the respiratory system and digestive tract
- Muscles of the pharynx consist of three pairs of constrictors and three muscles forming a vertical band on the lateral wall
- Superior Constrictor Muscle, the weakest yet most complex of the pharyngeal muscles, consists of four distinct muscle bundles
Speech Physiology and Articulation
- The length of the vocal tract affects the frequency of formants in vowels, with longer tracts resulting in lower formant frequencies.
- Consonants make up 62% of running speech sounds, often initiating and terminating syllables, and carry more information than vowels.
- Consonants are classified by place, manner, and voicing of articulation, including stops, fricatives, nasals, glides, and liquids.
- Voiced and unvoiced consonants are distinguished by the presence or absence of vocal fold vibration during production.
- Formants are frequencies present in sound initiated by vocal fold vibration, including the first and second formant frequencies.
- Stops require complete closure of the vocal tract and are produced at various places such as lips, alveolar ridge, and soft palate.
- Fricatives are produced by turbulent airflow through a constriction in the vocal tract and have voiced and voiceless cognates.
- Glides and liquids are characterized by frequency transitions, voicing, and minimal nasal coupling, with palatal and labial places of articulation.
- Nasals are voiced sounds produced with complete constriction of the vocal tract and open nasopharyngeal port, radiating sound from the nostrils.
- Coarticulation occurs when speech sounds blend together during rapid production, affecting the qualities of individual phonemes.
- Auditory and motor feedback are essential for monitoring and controlling speech production, ensuring accurate articulation.
- Swallowing is a complex biological function involving voluntary initiation and reflexive completion, with neurological coordination and potential for dysphagia due to injury or disease.
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Description
Test your knowledge of facial and cranial bones anatomy with this quiz. Explore the structure and functions of mandible, nasal bones, palatine bones, lacrimal bones, and more. Identify key features and learn about the composition of the cranium, including the occipital, sphenoid, frontal, and temporal bones.
