Science- Ailments of the different systems

Ailments of the Muscular System

• Muscle Strain: Caused by overstretching or tearing a muscle. Includes pulled hamstring (tear or strain of a muscle or tendon) and muscle cramps (sudden involuntary muscle contractions).

• Tetanus: Caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Affects nerves, causing muscle tightening. Can be prevented by tetanus vaccines. Transmitted through cuts or wounds.

• Muscular Dystrophy: A genetic abnormality that weakens muscles. Characterized by muscle deterioration and weakness. Causes people with the disorder to lose their ability to move.

Common Ailments of the Integumentary System

• The skin protects the body from various factors like heat, irritation, pressure, dirt, and microbes. Skin conditions can result from exposure to these factors.

• Pimple: Inflammation of an oil gland. Causes bumps that can manifest as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads. Often due to hyperactive oil glands during puberty, excess sebum production, bacterial build-up.

• Boil or Furuncle: Infection in the sweat gland or hair follicle, caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Characterized by a hard, painful, reddish lump that turns white or yellow after a few days as pus forms. Bacteria often enters through minute skin tears or breaks.

• Athlete's Foot: A foot disease with scaly and red skin patches in the affected areas. Itchy and irritating. Caused by the fungus Trichophyton, frequently found on clothing and floors. Can be contracted by using infected items (towels, socks, shoes) or by walking barefoot on contaminated surfaces.

• Tinea Versicolor: Skin condition characterized by discoloration. A fungal infection that disrupts skin pigmentation leading to numerous small discoloured patches. Caused by yeast overgrowth.

• Burn: Skin lesions ranging from minor harm (first-degree burn) to severe (third-degree burn) due to causes such as heat, chemicals, electricity, or sun exposure

• Melanoma: A type of skin cancer that develops in the melanocytes of the epidermis and often occurs due to excessive sun exposure. Normal skin can be destroyed by too much UV radiation.

Common and Disorders of the Digestive System

• Diarrhea: Characterized by frequent, watery stools. Results from bacteria or viruses infecting the colon and limiting water absorption. Prolonged diarrhea can lead to dehydration.

• Constipation: Characterized by compacted, dry, and hard stools. Caused by slow muscle contractions in the large intestine, leading to water absorption from the feces. Often related to a diet lacking fiber.

• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder (GERD): Stomach acid rushes back into the esophagus due to malfunctioning esophageal muscle valves. Causes esophageal lining irritation.

• Gallstones: Lumps or stones that accumulate in the gallbladder. Often formed from bile pigments and hardened cholesterol. Can cause upper abdominal & back pain lasting several hours.

• Colorectal Cancer: Tumors form in the lining of the large intestine

Diseases of the Respiratory System

• Asthma: Condition where the airways narrow and swell, with tense surrounding muscles, preventing airflow. Caused by allergies such as dust, fumes, pollen, and other pollutants

• Pneumonia: Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs. Inflammation and fluid buildup in the alveoli (air sacs) can cause a serious medical condition, which if not treated immediately can be fatal.

• Emphysema: Lung damage to air sacs (alveoli); air sacs' inner walls rupture, creating large spaces. Smoking is a major cause.

Diseases of the Circulatory System

• Heart Attack: Insufficient blood flow to the heart. Causes include artery blockages. Heart muscle damage is a medical emergency.

• Stroke: Blood clot blocks an artery in the brain, reducing blood flow and oxygen supply. Brain tissue damage is likely.

• Hypertension: High blood pressure. Force exerted on artery walls is higher than normal. Can damage the heart, lead to heart disease, stroke, or kidney disease.