Experimental Research Variables and Designs
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Questions and Answers

What type of control condition involves providing participants with an inactive substance to compare against the treatment?

  • No-treatment control (correct)
  • Waitlist control
  • Control treatment
  • Active/standard control

    • In a within-subject design, which of the following describes the phenomenon of participants performing worse in later conditions due to tiredness?

  • Practice effects
  • Fatigue effects (correct)
  • Context effects
  • Condition D effects

    • What is a strategy to counteract carryover effects in between-subject designs?

  • Counterbalancing order (correct)
  • Random assignment
  • Sequential assignment
  • Statistical analysis

    • In a study comparing the effectiveness of two training programs for running a marathon, which type of design would be better for ensuring each participant experiences both training programs?

    <p>Within-subjects design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of design would be more appropriate for a study examining if smiling people are perceived as more intelligent than non-smiling individuals using photographs?

    <p>Between-subjects design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of design would be preferable for a field experiment investigating the effect of neat vs. casual dressing on social interactions?

    <p>Between-subjects design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extraneous variables?

    <p>Variables other than the independent and dependent variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do confounding variables affect an experiment?

    <p>They introduce bias by changing with the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity is concerned with the extent to which the independent variable truly influences the dependent variable?

    <p>Internal validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'treatment condition' in experimental studies?

    <p>The condition where the independent variable is manipulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experiment, why is it important to systematically change the level of the independent variable across conditions?

    <p>To create different experimental conditions for comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of construct validity in experimental research?

    <p>Establishes how well the experiment represents the real-world concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of experimental research?

    <p>To understand causal relationships between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers do to ensure clear instructions and effective deception in experimental research?

    <p>Conduct pilot experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity focuses on whether the way an experiment was conducted supports the conclusion that the independent variable caused observed differences in the dependent variable?

    <p>Internal validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mandatory feature of an experiment?

    <p>The independent variable is manipulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of maintaining a 'lab notebook' and an 'experimenter notebook' in experimental research?

    <p>To keep track of experimental procedures and experimenter decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topics cannot be studied using an experimental research design?

    <p>Effect of being clinically depressed on the number of close friendships people have</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the quality of the experiment's manipulations in experimental research?

    <p>Construct validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the researcher in an experiment?

    <p>To manipulate the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of experimental research, what does 'blinding' refer to?

    <p>Avoiding biases by not revealing who received which treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

    <p>The independent variable is the cause, while the dependent variable is the outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is standardization in the context of experimental research?

    <p>Using a specific procedure consistently across all conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for researchers to practice random assignment in experimental studies?

    <p>To ensure equal representation of conditions across participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of an experiment?

    <p>The independent variable is systematically changed by the researcher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of randomization in an experiment?

    <p>To randomly select participants for the experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to unequal sample sizes in an experiment?

    <p>Complete randomization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can reduce noise due to experimenter effects?

    <p>Standardized protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a tool used for randomization?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a type of experiment?

    <p>Single-blind study</p> Signup and view all the answers

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