Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key limitation of using the mean to calculate an average?
What is a key limitation of using the mean to calculate an average?
- It is difficult to analyze.
- It is influenced by outliers. (correct)
- It can oversimplify findings.
- It provides a rich and detailed perspective.
Qualitative data is always numerical in nature.
Qualitative data is always numerical in nature.
False (B)
What is informed consent?
What is informed consent?
Participants must be fully aware of study aims and potential risks before agreeing to participate.
Deception in research can allow for natural behavior but may cause participants to feel __________.
Deception in research can allow for natural behavior but may cause participants to feel __________.
Match the types of data with their strengths:
Match the types of data with their strengths:
What is the primary aim of a study in experimental methods?
What is the primary aim of a study in experimental methods?
A laboratory experiment has high ecological validity.
A laboratory experiment has high ecological validity.
What is a natural experiment?
What is a natural experiment?
In random sampling, every member of the population has an ______ chance of selection.
In random sampling, every member of the population has an ______ chance of selection.
Match the type of observation with its definition:
Match the type of observation with its definition:
Which of the following is a limitation of field experiments?
Which of the following is a limitation of field experiments?
Opportunity sampling is more representative than random sampling.
Opportunity sampling is more representative than random sampling.
What is the main strength of covert observation?
What is the main strength of covert observation?
Flashcards
Mean
Mean
The average calculated by adding up all the values in a dataset and then dividing by the number of values.
Median
Median
The middle value when a dataset is ordered from smallest to largest.
Mode
Mode
The value that appears most frequently in a dataset.
Qualitative Data
Qualitative Data
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quantitative Data
Quantitative Data
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the aim of a study?
What is the aim of a study?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a hypothesis?
What is a hypothesis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a laboratory experiment?
What is a laboratory experiment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a field experiment?
What is a field experiment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a natural experiment?
What is a natural experiment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is opportunity sampling?
What is opportunity sampling?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is random sampling?
What is random sampling?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is naturalistic observation?
What is naturalistic observation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Experimental Methods
- Aim: A general statement of the researcher's plan for investigation.
- Hypothesis: A precise statement of the relationship between variables.
- Independent Variable (IV): Manipulated variable, impacting the dependent variable.
- Dependent Variable (DV): Measured variable, responding to changes in the IV.
Types of Experiments
-
Laboratory Experiment: Conductec in a controlled environment, allowing high control over variables for replicability; however, limited ecological validity and can be affected by demand characteristics.
-
Field Experiment: Conducted in a natural environment with some control over variables, resulting in higher ecological validity and observation of natural behaviour. However, lower control over extraneous variables and ethical concerns like privacy could be present.
-
Natural Experiment: An experiment where the IV occurs naturally (e.g., natural disaster). Allows studying events that cannot be manipulated but are hard to replicate and confounding variables are hard to control. High external validity.
Sampling Methods
-
Opportunity Sampling: Participants recruited based on availability, quick and cost-effective but not representative and can be affected by researcher bias.
-
Random Sampling: Every member has an equal chance of selection, minimising researcher bias and commonly representative but can be time-consuming and may not represent the population, due to refusals.
Observational Techniques
-
Naturalistic Observation: Observing behavior in its natural setting; high ecological validity but uncontrolled extraneous variables and challenging to replicate.
-
Covert Observation: Participants are unaware of being observed, reducing demand characteristics and capturing authentic behaviour but raises ethical concerns regarding informed consent.
Data Analysis
-
Measures of Central Tendency: Ways to calculate an average (mean, median, mode), summarising large datasets and identifying central patterns. However, each measure has limitations, such as the mean influenced by outliers.
-
Qualitative Data: Non-numerical data (interviews, text) rich in detail and captures participant insight, but difficult for analysis and subjective interpretations can bias conclusions.
-
Quantitative Data: Numerical data (test scores, measurements), easy to analyze and allows comparison through statistical methods, but lacks depth and context.
Ethical Issues
-
Informed Consent: Participants are fully aware of study aims and potential risks before participation for ethical conduct and to build trust.
-
Deception: Misleading participants about the true purpose of the study to permit natural behaviour, but can cause distress if participants feel betrayed.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.