Study Guide: Single-Case Design and Experimental Research

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Questions and Answers

Match the research concepts with their definitions:

Functional Relations = The consistency with which a program or treatment is implemented as intended. Program Adherence = The relationship between the independent and dependent variables, showing the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Inter-Observer Agreement (IOA) = Measure of agreement between two or more observers scoring the same behavior. Data Collection Techniques = Various methods of collecting data, including latency and interval recording.

Match the single-case designs with their characteristics:

ABAB Design = Gradually changing the criteria for success to shape behavior. Multiple Baseline Design = Implementing the intervention across different behaviors, settings, or individuals. Changing Criterion Design = Introducing and withdrawing the intervention to demonstrate its effect. Multielement Design = Comparing the effects of multiple interventions.

Match the graph analysis concepts with their definitions:

Level = Assessing whether changes in behavior are due to the intervention. Trend = A measure of the time it takes for a behavior to occur after a stimulus. Variability = A type of data collection technique Baseline Logic = The consistency with which a program or treatment is implemented as intended.

Match the research designs with their characteristics:

Multi-Probe Design = Manipulating the intensity or magnitude of the independent variable. Parametric Analysis = Periodic assessment of behavior without systematic manipulation. Component Analysis = Identifying the specific components of an intervention that are effective. Combined Designs = Incorporating elements of multiple designs. Signup and view all the answers

Match the research concepts with their definitions:

Generalization = Extending behavior change to new settings or maintaining it over time. Maintenance = Assessing whether changes in behavior are due to the intervention. Simultaneous Treatment = Administering multiple treatments simultaneously to compare their effects. Component Analysis = Identifying the specific components of an intervention that are effective. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Independent variable = Variable measured to determine the effect of the independent variable Dependent variable = Variable manipulated or controlled by the researcher Internal Validity = Degree to which a study accurately reflects the true relationship between variables Social Validity = Relevance and importance of the study findings to society Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of validity with their descriptions:

Internal Validity = Extent to which study findings can be generalized to other populations or settings External Validity = Degree to which a study accurately reflects the true relationship between variables Social Validity = Relevance and importance of the study findings to society Construct Validity = Not mentioned in the study guide Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their purposes in single-case design:

Baselines = Establishing a prediction of future behavior Verification = Repeating the study to confirm results Replication = Testing whether changes in behavior occur when the independent variable is introduced Prediction = Determining the effect of the independent variable Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with their corresponding types of validity:

Reflects the true relationship between variables = Internal Validity GENERALIZABILITY = External Validity Relevance and importance to society = Social Validity Reliability of measurements = Not mentioned in the study guide Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions in the context of single-case design:

Methodological Design = Study design that allows for detailed analysis of individual behavior Independent Variable = Variable measured to determine the effect of the independent variable Dependent Variable = Variable manipulated or controlled by the researcher Generalizability = Limited by methodological design Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Functional Relations

Definition: The relationship between the independent and dependent variables, showing the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Example: Increasing the amount of study time (independent variable) leads to higher test scores (dependent variable).

Inter-Observer Agreement (IOA)

Calculation: Measure of agreement between two or more observers scoring the same behavior.
Types: Total, Interval, Occurrence/Non-occurrence.
Example: Two observers record a child's instances of hitting during a play session and calculate the percentage of agreement between their scores.

Program Adherence

Definition: Consistency with which a program or treatment is implemented as intended.
Example: In a behavior modification program, adherence involves consistently following the prescribed steps for rewarding desired behaviors.

Data Collection Techniques

Latency: Measure of the time it takes for a behavior to occur after a stimulus.
Interval Recording: Recording whether a behavior occurs during specific time intervals.
Example: Using interval recording to track the occurrence of tantrums every 5 minutes during a therapy session.

Visually Analyzing Graphs

Baseline Logic Concepts: Level, trend, variability.
Determining Experimental Control: Assessing whether changes in behavior are due to the intervention.
Example: Analyzing a graph showing decreasing levels of aggression over time after implementing a behavior intervention.

Identifying Single-Case Designs

ABAB Design: Introducing and withdrawing the intervention to demonstrate its effect.
Multiple Baseline Design: Implementing the intervention across different behaviors, settings, or individuals.
Changing Criterion Design: Gradually changing the criteria for success to shape behavior.
Multielement Design: Comparing the effects of multiple interventions.
Example: Using an ABAB design to assess the effectiveness of a reinforcement strategy on reducing disruptive behavior.

Other Designs and Concepts

Multi-Probe Design: Periodic assessment of behavior without systematic manipulation.
Parametric Analysis: Manipulating the intensity or magnitude of the independent variable.
Component Analysis: Identifying the specific components of an intervention that are effective.
Combined Designs: Incorporating elements of multiple designs.
Simultaneous Treatment: Administering multiple treatments simultaneously to compare their effects.
Generalization and Maintenance: Extending behavior change to new settings or maintaining over time.

Study Guide: Single-Case Design and Experimental Research

Independent and Dependent Variables

Definition:
- Independent variable: Variable manipulated or controlled by the researcher.
- Dependent variable: Variable measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.
Example: In a study on the effectiveness of a new teaching method, the teaching method (independent variable) is manipulated, and the students' test scores (dependent variable) are measured.

Methodological Design

Advantages: Allows for detailed analysis of individual behavior, useful for studying rare phenomena.
Disadvantages: Limited generalizability, potential for bias in interpretation.

Types of Validity

Internal Validity: Degree to which a study accurately reflects the true relationship between variables.
External Validity: Extent to which study findings can be generalized to other populations or settings.
Social Validity: Relevance and importance of the study findings to society.
Example: In a study on a new therapy for anxiety, internal validity would ensure that changes in anxiety levels are truly due to the therapy and not other factors.

Baseline Logic

Prediction: Establishing a baseline to predict future behavior.
Verification: Testing whether changes in behavior occur when the independent variable is introduced.
Replication: Repeating the study to confirm results.