Experimental Designs and Validity Analysis

True (A)

<p>Interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the effectiveness of programs or policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive research = Focuses on providing a detailed account of a phenomenon Explanatory research = Aims to understand the causes behind a phenomenon Exploratory research = Used when little is known about a topic Evaluative research = Assesses the effectiveness of programs or policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>intensive interviewing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positivism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survey research = Data collection from a sample of respondents using questionnaires Qualitative methods = Focused on understanding human behavior through detailed contextual analysis Unobtrusive methods = Research that does not disturb the subjects being studied Evaluation research = Assessing the outcomes and impacts of a program or policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They examine the ethics of proposed research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of multiple methods or data sources to enhance the validity of research findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neglecting ethical considerations in study design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor Measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sampling error</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mailed Surveys = Cost-effective and can reach many respondents In-Person Surveys = High response rate and can clarify questions Phone Surveys = Quick to conduct but may exclude certain demographics Web Surveys = Accessible but may suffer from selection bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid confusing phrasing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causal validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overgeneralizing findings beyond the study sample (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal design</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>informed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-sectional = Data collected at a single point in time Longitudinal = Data collected over a long period Case study = In-depth analysis of a single case Mixed-methods = Combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>generalizability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental Research = Investigates causation by manipulating variables Survey Research = Collects data through questionnaires or interviews Qualitative Research = Explores phenomena through themes and patterns Longitudinal Research = Studies the same subjects over a period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoid confusing phrasing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether the relationship between variables is legitimate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experimental methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Content analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To oversee research ethics and ensure participant safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>unobtrusive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>longitudinal research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive research = Describes phenomena Exploratory research = Explores new areas of inquiry Explanatory research = Explains relationships Evaluation research = Assesses program effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-Sectional Design (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding subjective experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The IRB ensures that research studies meet ethical standards and protect the rights and welfare of participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pretesting survey questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>event-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>overgeneralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measurement Validity = The accuracy of the measurement instrument. Generalizability = The ability to apply findings to broader populations. Causal Validity = The extent to which a causal conclusion is justified. Authenticity = The credibility of the research findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explanatory research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify relationships and causal connections between variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>honesty</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal Research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gather in-depth understanding of social phenomena (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal = Investigating relationships over time Cross-sectional = Collecting data at one point in time Experimental = Establishing cause-effect relationships Qualitative = Seeking in-depth understanding of cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualitative text and observations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using neutral language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeated cross-sectional design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subject fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cohort</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inductive research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socially important</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longitudinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deductive research = Testing hypotheses Descriptive research = Providing a detailed account of a phenomenon Exploratory research = Gaining new insights into a subject Explanatory research = Establishing cause-effect relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triangulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sampling bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inductive reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a measure accurately reflects what it intends to measure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To strengthen measurement and increase confidence in validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conceptualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causal validity = Correctly identifying a relationship where A leads to B Internal validity = Ensuring the study accurately reflects the relationship among variables External validity = The extent to which findings apply to other populations or settings Construct validity = How well a test measures the concept it is intended to measure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They restrict respondents to fixed choices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sampling bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>longitudinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-ended survey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To investigate what happens when certain conditions are met.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>longitudinal research</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Including varied question formats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confounding variables affecting the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>external</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explanatory Research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The extent to which a study's findings can be generalized to other populations, settings, and times.

A type of survey that combines multiple research methods to collect data, such as a mailed questionnaire followed by a phone interview.

In research designs, the extent to which a study can accurately establish a causal relationship between variables.

A type of quasi-experimental design where participants are assigned to different conditions based on preexisting characteristics, such as gender, age, or political views.

A research method that utilizes questionnaires, interviews, or other techniques to collect data about a specific population.

The extent to which a study's findings are accurate and reliable.

A type of survey question that requires participants to choose among several predetermined response options.

A type of survey question that allows participants to respond in their own words.

A scientific approach that emphasizes objective observation and measurement to understand the social world.

A research philosophy that focuses on understanding how different stakeholders construct their beliefs and experiences within a social setting.

A research approach that uses systematic methods to collect and analyze numerical data, typically focusing on patterns and relationships.

A research approach that uses non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, and documents, to explore meanings, experiences, and perspectives.

A research approach that aims to describe social phenomena, often using surveys or interviews to gather data.

A research approach that aims to explore a topic in depth, often using qualitative methods to gather insights and generate hypotheses.

A research approach that aims to explain the causes and effects of social phenomena, often using quantitative methods to test hypotheses.

A research approach that evaluates the effectiveness of social programs or interventions, often using mixed methods to assess outcomes.

Examines how researchers create and measure concepts, collect samples, and establish causal relationships.

A research study that examines the relationship between variables by manipulating one variable to observe its impact on another.

A research design that aims to understand complex social phenomena using in-depth observation, interviews, and textual analysis.

A research design that uses numerical data and statistical analysis to understand patterns and relationships in social phenomena.

Research methods that collect data without directly interacting with individuals. This includes examining existing records, analyzing media content, or observing behavior in a public place.

The process of systematically analyzing data from existing sources, such as public records, historical documents, or online data, to understand social trends and patterns.

A research design that uses two or more groups, but these groups are not randomly assigned. It aims to examine cause-and-effect relationships, but with limitations due to the lack of random assignment.

A type of generalizability that considers whether the study's results can be applied to other populations.

A type of survey research that uses multiple groups with different combinations of factors or treatments, to study the effects of these factors on the outcome.

A type of research that examines whether a treatment or intervention influences the outcome of a future test or measurement.

A type of research design that aims to understand complex social phenomena using in-depth observation, interviews, and textual analysis.

A type of research design that uses numerical data and statistical analysis to understand patterns and relationships in social phenomena.

Errors in reasoning that occur because of selective or inaccurate observation, overgeneralization, illogical reasoning, or resistance to change.

A systematic and logical approach to investigating social phenomena, including individuals, societies, and social processes.

A research strategy that uses multiple methods to explore a single research question, combining different perspectives and data sources for a comprehensive understanding.

A measurement procedure that yields consistent scores over time, even when retested.

A measurement procedure that accurately predicts future outcomes.

A type of qualitative research that focuses on understanding how people create and maintain reality through their everyday interactions.

A type of qualitative research that involves immersing oneself in a particular social group or setting to understand their culture, beliefs, and practices.

A broad category of research that examines social phenomena by observing and analyzing social interactions and cultural artifacts.

A research question should be socially important, feasible to study, and relevant to existing scientific knowledge.

In research, a hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts a relationship between variables.

A research strategy that begins with a theory and tests it through hypotheses. Often uses quantitative methods.

A research strategy that begins with observations and then develops hypotheses or theories. Often uses qualitative methods.

A research design that collects data at multiple points in time to examine changes or trends over time.

A measure is said to have validity when it accurately measures what it is intended to measure. In other words, it captures the true meaning of the concept it's trying to assess.

Cross-population generalizability focuses on whether the results of a study can be applied to different populations with varying characteristics, such as demographics or cultural backgrounds.

This type of validity refers to the accuracy of conclusions about a causal relationship between variables. It examines whether the observed effect was truly caused by the independent variable.

The process of specifying what we mean by a term or concept. It helps translate abstract theoretical ideas into specific variables that can be measured.

The process of specifying the measures that will indicate the value of cases on a variable. It involves making a concept measurable.

An indicator is a specific measure that reflects the value of cases on a variable. It provides concrete evidence to assess a concept.

Closed-ended questions offer fixed choices for respondents to select from, while open-ended questions allow respondents to answer in their own words.

Levels of measurement refer to the different scales or categories used to measure variables. They range from nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio, each having unique characteristics.

A research design where data is collected from different samples of the same population at multiple points in time.

A research design where data is collected from the same individuals (panel) at multiple points in time.

The potential for participants to become tired of repeated interviews, leading to less thoughtful answers or dropping out of the study.

A research design where data is collected from a group (cohort) with a shared starting point, like birth year or school entry, over time.

A research design where data is collected at one point in time, providing a snapshot of a population's characteristics.

Social science research that relies heavily on observation and measurement, often using statistical analysis to test hypotheses.

Social science research that emphasizes understanding the meanings and experiences of individuals within their social contexts.