Test #1 MCQ Hard

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for measuring physical activity?

Objective measures

Analytical measures (correct)

Subjective measures

Observation

What is considered the 'gold standard' for objective measurement of physical activity?

Heart rate monitor

Pedometer

GPS / fitness apps

Accelerometer (correct)

Which theory emphasizes the role of belief in one's own capabilities to perform a behavior?

Self-Determination Theory

Theory of Planned Behavior

Self-Efficacy Theory (correct)

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

In the context of measuring physical activity, which of the following is an example of a subjective measure?

Physical activity recall questionnaires Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT associated with the social cognitive theories of exercise psychology?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to measuring physical activity requires observing individuals directly to gauge intensity?

Direct observation Signup and view all the answers

How many main approaches are there to measure physical activity as discussed?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the Theory of Planned Behavior?

Beliefs about outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of transformational leadership compared to a bland leadership style on participants' exercise self-efficacy?

Increases exercise self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

How does pressure as a form of support typically impact exercise behaviour?

It leads to behavioral reactance and decreased effort Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key element of exercise group cohesion?

Individualistic behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has shown to enhance exercise adherence among participants in an exercise group?

High task cohesion Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of exercise groups with larger sizes, in terms of perceived satisfaction?

Lower perceived group cohesion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motivation is positively associated with supporting all three psychological needs?

Intrinsic Motivation Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant component of the incentive group in the weight loss study?

$3.98 weekly incentive for self-weighing Signup and view all the answers

How do extrinsic and amotivation relate to the basic psychological needs?

They negatively impact support for all three psychological needs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-determination and motivation?

Low self-determination involves amotivation and extrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

What role do teachers play in supporting students' psychological needs?

They significantly influence autonomy and competency support Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of combining monetary incentives with encouragement on self-weighing frequency?

Increased frequency of self-weighing Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological need was enhanced by creating activities that support autonomy?

Competency Signup and view all the answers

What outcome does increased frequency of self-weighing correlate with?

Weight loss and maintenance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of messaging did both the active control group and incentive group receive?

Encouraging messages on digital weight scales Signup and view all the answers

Based on the study, what happens to intrinsic motivation when monetary rewards are introduced?

Monetary rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly influences self-efficacy through observing others?

Vicarious experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological need contributes to feeling self-determined and having control?

Autonomy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a limitation of self-efficacy theory?

Self-efficacy best predicts new or unique behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Which source of influence directly involves the emotional state of an individual?

Physiological / affective states Signup and view all the answers

What type of motivation is characterized by engaging in behavior to avoid guilt?

Introjected regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which measure of self-efficacy concerns an individual's belief in overcoming challenges?

Barrier self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of extrinsic motivation involves aligning behaviors with personal goals?

Identified regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest form of extrinsic motivation in terms of self-determination?

Integrated regulation Signup and view all the answers

How does the degree of similarity between tasks impact self-efficacy?

Greater similarity increases self-efficacy strength. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of self-efficacy assessment measures belief in one's ability to stick to a schedule?

Scheduling self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a complete lack of motivation?

Amotivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective context for social persuasion to enhance self-efficacy?

Encouragement from knowledgeable individuals Signup and view all the answers

What type of regulation involves behavior primarily influenced by external rewards or punishments?

External regulation Signup and view all the answers

How is competence defined within the context of self-determination theory?

Mastery of skills and feeling effective Signup and view all the answers

Self-efficacy can be highly influenced by which of the following factors?

Fatigue and discomfort Signup and view all the answers

Which category of motivation is related to feeling connected to others?

Relatedness Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would self-efficacy typically be considered highest?

When someone has successfully performed a task similar to a new challenge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements captures the essence of self-efficacy theory?

People's perceptions of their capabilities drive their participation in activities. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motivation represents behavior that integrates with a person's sense of self?

Integrated regulation Signup and view all the answers

In self-determination theory, which motivation is at the low end of the self-determination continuum?

Amotivation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of physical activity on all-cause mortality?

Regular physical activity significantly reduces the risk of death in the population. Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as any bodily movement that requires energy expenditure above 1.5 METs?

Physical activity Signup and view all the answers

Which conclusion about the global trends in physical activity is true?

One in four adults worldwide do not meet physical activity recommendations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended amount of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity per week?

150 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What might be an emerging consideration regarding how physical activity is accumulated?

The duration of physical activity bouts may not significantly affect health benefits. Signup and view all the answers

Which group has the highest levels of insufficient physical activity globally?

Adolescents worldwide Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between physical activity and mortality risk?

Higher levels of physical activity lead to decreased mortality risk. Signup and view all the answers

How do global inactivity levels differ between men and women?

Men generally report higher physical activity levels than women. Signup and view all the answers

What factors are indicated to influence a person's motivation to engage in a behavior?

Low cost and high gain Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the expectation of outcomes as a driver for behavior motivation?

Expectancy-Value Approach Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic common to social cognitive theories regarding human motivation?

They connect motivation with observed behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What does the Expectancy-Value Approach suggest about motivation levels?

Low perceived cost leads to higher motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates a behavior that is likely motivated by high gain?

Studying for an exam to achieve a degree Signup and view all the answers

What would likely be a weakness of the Expectancy-Value Approach?

It can simplify complex motivational factors Signup and view all the answers

In behavioral economics, what is emphasized as a reason people may make unhealthy choices?

Low cost and high reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between motivation and behavior in the context of social cognitive theories?

Future behavior can be predicted from an individual's motivation Signup and view all the answers

How is motivation depicted within the framework of behavioral economics?

Based on expected outcomes and the associated value Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences motivation according to behavioral economics?

Expected outcomes and value placed on behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?

Psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT a social influence affecting exercise behavior?

Personal awareness of health benefits Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Self-Efficacy Theory, what does 'situation-specific self-confidence' refer to?

Belief in performing a task based on task demands Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect differentiates the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) from other social cognitive theories?

The role of behavioral intentions Signup and view all the answers

What can be said about the intensity and direction of motivation?

They influence how behaviors are approached. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'delay discounting' relate to motivation?

It increases the perceived value of immediate rewards. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is central to understanding social pressures on exercise behavior?

Social experiences and pressures Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding self-efficacy in relation to exercise behavior?

It is solely based on past experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a component of motivation in the context of exercise behavior?

Time constraints Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the built environment primarily influences whether a person can physically use the environment?

Functional Features Signup and view all the answers

Which type of natural environment is associated with improved mental well-being and increased physical activity?

Blue spaces Signup and view all the answers

According to Self-Determination Theory, which type of motivation is most directly linked to physical activity behavior and enjoyment?

Intrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor influencing the effectiveness of incentives in promoting physical activity?

Type of incentive Signup and view all the answers

Which components of the Social-Ecological Model are emphasized as impacting physical activity behavior?

Structural, environmental, political, and interpersonal factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Fixed Ratio reinforcement schedules?

Reinforcement is given after a set number of responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary reason for dropout in exercise interventions according to the STRRIDE trials?

Time constraints Signup and view all the answers

Under the Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines, what is the minimum recommended amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per week?

150 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about self-efficacy is correct?

Self-efficacy is a situation-specific form of self-confidence. Signup and view all the answers

In reinforcement psychology, what is an example of a Variable Interval schedule?

Checking for email notifications at random times. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the exercise intervention did most dropouts occur in the STRRIDE trials?

Ramp period Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is part of Low-Intensity Physical Activity (LPA) as per movement guidelines?

Standing Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect differentiates self-efficacy from general self-esteem?

Self-efficacy is based on specific situation confidence. Signup and view all the answers

According to the guidelines, how many hours of sedentary behavior is suggested to be less than per day?

8 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of a Fixed Interval reinforcement schedule?

Reinforcement is based on a constant amount of time. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Global Physical Activity Trends

There are regional differences in Physical Activity levels.
Physical activity is measured using objective and subjective measures.
The "gold standard" for measuring physical activity is an accelerometer.

Physical Activity Measurement Methods

Subjective measures include self-reports, surveys, and logs.
Objective measures include heart rate monitors, pedometers, VO2 measurements, GPS/fitness apps, and accelerometers.
Observational measures involve direct viewing of physical activity or indirect measures such as attendance records.

Exercise Psychology

Theories attempt to explain and predict behavior.
Theories are important for understanding how people make decisions about engaging in physical activity.

Self-Efficacy Theory (SET)

SET suggests that people's beliefs about their ability to perform a task influence their behavior.
Self-efficacy can be influenced by past performance, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and physiological/affective states.
Self-efficacy can be measured at different levels of challenge and at different levels of strength.

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

SDT focuses on the types of motivation and whether motivation is internally or externally regulated.
Three categories of motivation are: amotivation, extrinsic motivation, and intrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic motivation can be further divided into four types: integrated regulation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, and external regulation.
Motivation falls on a continuum from low self-determination to high self-determination.

Motivation

Intrinsic motivation is positively associated with supporting all three psychological needs: autonomy, competency and relatedness.
Extrinsic motivation and amotivation are negatively associated with supporting all three psychological needs.

Incentives' Role in Motivation

Incentives can be used to shift motivation from extrinsic to intrinsic, but the effectiveness of incentives is debated.

Exercise Behavior & Weight Loss

Frequent self-weighing is important for weight loss and prevention of weight gain.
Incentives can increase self-weighing behavior, but it is unclear whether this leads to long-term weight loss or maintenance.

Sources of Influence on Exercise Behavior

Health Care Providers: Individuals are more likely to be active if a doctor encourages it.
Exercise Leaders/Instructors: Exercise leaders can provide all five types of social support, including emotional, appraisal, informational, instrumental, and companionship support.
Leaders can use transformational leadership strategies to increase exercise self-efficacy, enjoyment, and adherence.

Exercise Groups

Group cohesion (task and social) is important for exercise adherence.
Larger group sizes can decrease perceived group cohesion and exercise satisfaction.

Cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors influence motivation and behavior.

Movement Continuum

Sleep, sedentary behavior, and vigorous activity are on a spectrum.
ME and T are omitted but may refer to other factors like metabolic expenditure and time.

Physical Activity Improves Health

Physical activity reduces all-cause mortality.

Physical Activity and Health

The way physical activity is accumulated may be less important than total activity time, but research is ongoing.

Brief Summary

Physical activity is any movement that exceeds 1.5 METs.
Exercise is a subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repeated.
Numerous health benefits are associated with physical activity, including reducing all-cause mortality.
The current guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity per week, with a minimum of 10 minutes per bout.

Global Trends in Physical (In)Activity

One in four adults globally do not meet the recommended physical activity levels.
Up to five million deaths annually could be prevented with increased physical activity.
Insufficiently active individuals have a 20–30% increased risk of death compared to those who are sufficiently active.
Over 80% of the world's adolescent population is insufficiently active.
Levels of inactivity are higher in high-income countries compared to low-income countries.

Social cognitive theories explain how people develop and maintain health behaviors.
Three major theories include: Self-Efficacy Theory (SET), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and Self-Determination Theory (SDT).

Theories of Exercise Behaviour

These theories are rooted in human motivation and understanding how people make choices.
Motivation is driven by the value placed on a behavior, considering the perceived cost and rewards.

Delay Discounting & Expectancy Value

People often prioritize immediate gratification over long-term benefits, especially when the rewards are delayed.

Social cognitive theories include social and cognitive aspects that influence behavior.
Social elements include social pressures and experiences, while human cognition focuses on thoughts, beliefs, and intentions affecting behavior.

Self-Efficacy Theory

Self-efficacy reflects an individual's belief in their ability to perform a task successfully.
It is a situation-specific form of self-confidence.

Self-Determination Theory

The type and quality of motivation play a significant role, with intrinsic motivation positively impacting physical activity behaviors, well-being, and enjoyment.
Research is still underway to understand how motivation shifts and evolves.

The individual is one factor that influences physical activity within a complex social system.
Structural, environmental, political, and interpersonal factors all contribute to physical activity behavior.

STRRIDE

A study on targeted risk reduction intervention through defined exercise found that 31% of participants dropped out, with time being the primary reason.

Movement Guidelines

The Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines emphasize physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, and light physical activity.
Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per week, less than eight hours of sedentary behavior (SB) per day, 7–9 hours of sleep per 24 hours, and several hours of light physical activity (LPA), including standing.

Drop-Out Timing

Most dropouts occurred during the ramp-up period of the exercise program, indicating the challenge of transitioning into a new routine.

Built Environment

Functional Features: Includes structural features that support accessibility, such as paths, sidewalks, streets, parking, and wheelchair accessibility.
Safety Features: Focuses on safety elements like barriers, fences, lighting, and security cameras.
Aesthetic Features: Emphasizes visually appealing elements like trees, flowers, architecture, and air quality.
Destination Features: Relates to the availability and proximity of destinations that encourage walking or cycling, include shops, bus stops, schools, gyms, playgrounds, and basketball courts.

Green Spaces and Blue Spaces

Green spaces encompass parks, forests, and gardens.
Blue spaces include rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Both green and blue spaces enhance mental well-being and promote physical activity among individuals living nearby.

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Description

This quiz explores global trends in physical activity and various methods of measurement, including subjective and objective techniques. It also delves into the psychology of exercise, particularly focusing on self-efficacy theory and its impact on physical activity behavior.