Exam Study Guide Chapters 1-4

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Which concept best illustrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Nerve cells allow for quick messages.
The stomach's shape facilitates nutrient absorption.
Epithelial tissue's multiple layers provide strength.
The heart's muscular walls enable it to pump blood efficiently. (correct)

Which of the following is the correct order, from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization?

Chemical, tissue, cellular, organ, organ system, organismal
Cellular, tissue, chemical, organ system, organ, organismal
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal (correct)
Chemical, cellular, organ, tissue, organ system, organismal

A researcher is studying how the kidneys regulate blood pressure. Which subtype of physiology is this?

Neurophysiology
Cardiovascular physiology
Systemic physiology
Renal physiology (correct)

A scientist is examining a sample of heart tissue under a microscope to observe the arrangement of cardiac muscle cells. Which specific type of anatomy is being utilized?

Histology (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which level of structural organization involves two or more types of tissues working together to perform specific, complex functions?

Organ level (D) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the complementarity of structure and function, which of the following best explains how the structure of the small intestine relates to its function?

The extensive folding and villi increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A medical researcher is studying the effects of a new drug on kidney function in patients with hypertension. Which of the following fields combines both anatomy and physiology in this research?

Pathological anatomy and renal physiology (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples accurately describes the relationship between microscopic anatomy and gross anatomy?

Microscopic anatomy involves studying structures at the cellular level, while gross anatomy examines larger structures visible without a microscope. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where a large molecule is broken down into smaller building blocks with the addition of water, which type of chemical reaction is likely occurring?

Hydrolysis (D) Signup and view all the answers

If two monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, combine to form a disaccharide and water is removed, which process has taken place?

Dehydration synthesis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate description of how water acts as a cushion in the human body?

Water absorbs and dissipates forces, protecting organs like the brain. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A solution has a pH of 3.0. Based on this information, which statement is most accurate?

The concentration of hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a substance is classified as a base, which of the following characteristics would it most likely exhibit?

Accepts H+ ions in solution. (D) Signup and view all the answers

During a neutralization reaction, what products are typically formed when an acid and a base react?

A salt and water. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the human body to maintain a stable blood pH?

To prevent denaturation of proteins and enzymes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a buffer system in the human body?

To maintain a constant pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the integumentary system?

Protecting deeper tissues from injury and synthesizing vitamin D. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bones in the skeletal system regarding blood cell formation and mineral storage?

Bones form blood cells through hematopoiesis and store minerals. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a coordinated function of the muscular system?

Enabling movement, maintaining posture, and producing heat. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do the nervous and endocrine systems collaborate to maintain homeostasis?

The nervous system releases rapid nerve impulses, while the endocrine system secretes hormones for longer-term regulation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the lymphatic system in relation to the cardiovascular system?

It picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels and returns it to the blood. (B) Signup and view all the answers

During respiration, where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?

Through the walls of air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the digestive system, what roles do the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas play?

Producing bile, storing bile, and producing digestive enzymes, respectively. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the urinary system, and which process is most critical to that function?

To eliminate nitrogenous wastes and regulate water balance in the blood, primarily through filtration. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the orientation of phospholipids in a cell membrane and the properties of their components?

The nonpolar fatty acid tails face the interior of the membrane, away from water, while the polar phosphate heads face the aqueous environments inside and outside the cell. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying a newly discovered hormone. Chemical analysis reveals it is primarily composed of a modified cholesterol molecule. Which of the following best describes the class of lipids this hormone belongs to?

Steroid (C) Signup and view all the answers

During prolonged periods of fasting, the body relies on stored energy reserves. Which type of lipid is primarily utilized for long-term energy storage, and what are its basic building blocks?

Triglycerides, composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient is advised to modify their fat intake for cardiovascular health. Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes between saturated and unsaturated fats and their potential health impacts?

Saturated fats lack double bonds and are generally considered less healthy, while unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds and are often considered more beneficial. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Following protein synthesis on a ribosome, a polypeptide chain folds into a complex three-dimensional structure. Which level of protein structure is characterized by the formation of alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between amino acids?

Secondary structure (C) Signup and view all the answers

A genetic mutation alters the sequence of nucleotides within a gene. Which of the following outcomes would most directly affect protein synthesis?

Changes in the sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating the energy dynamics within a cell. Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular processes?

ATP serves as the primary energy currency of the cell, providing energy for cellular functions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A scientist is analyzing the composition of nucleic acids in two different samples. Sample 1 contains thymine, while Sample 2 contains uracil. Based on this information, which of the following conclusions can be made?

Sample 1 contains DNA, while Sample 2 contains RNA. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of Na+/K+ pumps in maintaining cellular function?

They actively transport 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell, against their concentration gradients. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of tight junctions that makes them suitable for lining the intestines?

Their impermeable nature, preventing digestive juices from seeping out of the digestive tract. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do integral proteins contribute to the selective permeability of the plasma membrane?

By acting as channels or transporters that facilitate the movement of specific molecules across the membrane. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the composition and environment of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

ECF is rich in sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) and surrounds tissues and blood vessels outside of cells. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role do glycoproteins play in cell signaling at the plasma membrane?

They participate in cell signaling by interacting with signaling molecules. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane, which statement accurately describes the resting membrane potential?

The intracellular fluid side of the membrane is positive, and the extracellular fluid side is negative. (C) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication primarily occur?

Interphase (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a DNA triplet sequence is CAG, what would the corresponding mRNA codon sequence be?

GUC (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peripheral proteins located on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane?

To bind with hormones and neurotransmitters on the external surface of the plasma membrane. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

It interprets mRNA codons and brings the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of interstitial fluid (IF) in relation to cells?

It directly impacts the proper functioning of cells by filling the spaces between them and tissues. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events is characteristic of anaphase in mitosis?

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled towards opposite poles of the cell. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissue types is responsible for lining body cavities and covering body surfaces?

Epithelial tissue (B) Signup and view all the answers

What cellular process directly involves the use of codons?

Translation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the formation of the cleavage furrow?

It represents the physical division of the cell during cytokinesis. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Extensions of the plasma membrane increase surface area for absorption. What are these extensions called?

Microvilli (C) Signup and view all the answers

Anatomy

Study of structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

Subtypes of Anatomy

Include gross, regional, systemic, surface, microscopic, embryology, pathological, and radiographic anatomy.