Exam Preparation Guide Chapters 1-12, 14

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a primary benefit of using naturalistic observation in research?

It provides a single-case perspective.

It yields results that are more reflective of real-life scenarios. (correct)

It eliminates observer bias.

It allows for controlled variables.

What distinguishes qualitative interviews from quantitative interviews?

Qualitative interviews allow for open-ended responses. (correct)

Quantitative interviews require fewer respondents.

Qualitative interviews are structured with fixed questions.

Quantitative interviews explore deep personal insights.

What is the main purpose of random selection in research sampling?

To control for all variables in an experiment.

To ensure every participant has an equal chance of being selected. (correct)

To allow only specific groups to participate.

To ensure a higher precision in quantitative data.

Which sampling technique is characterized by selecting participants who are easiest to access?

Convenience sampling Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of cross-sectional research designs?

They are susceptible to cohort effects. Signup and view all the answers

Why is sample size important in survey research?

It increases the accuracy of population estimates. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of quasi-experimental designs compared to true experimental designs?

Quasi-experimental designs do not allow for causal inferences. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design follows the same participants over time, collecting data at multiple points?

Longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of quasi-experimental research designs over one-group posttest-only designs?

They provide stronger internal validity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following threats to internal validity is particularly relevant for quasi-experiments?

Selection bias Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes interrupted time series designs from control series designs?

Interrupted time series designs focus on a single group over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge when generalizing research results to other populations?

Potential cultural biases in volunteer samples. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of direct (exact) replications in research?

To confirm the original study's findings. Signup and view all the answers

How do literature reviews differ from meta-analyses?

Meta-analyses synthesize data quantitatively. Signup and view all the answers

Which epistemological orientation emphasizes the importance of the social context in shaping knowledge?

Radical Social Constructionist Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of using university samples in research studies?

They limit the generalizability of findings. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criterion for determining whether research is considered exempt from REB review?

It poses minimal risk to participants. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the concept of correlation in research?

A statistical measure that describes how two variables change together. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of random assignment in an independent groups experimental design?

To ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reliability involves assessing the consistency of scores across different raters?

Interrater reliability Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a confounding variable from a third variable in research?

A confounding variable directly impacts the dependent variable. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of validity assesses how well a test reflects the intended issue or construct?

Construct validity Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental difference between experimental and correlational research methods?

Experimental methods always involve random assignment, whereas correlational methods do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three Rs of Good Animal Practice in Science?

Respect Signup and view all the answers

What do cell means in a factorial design primarily represent?

The average scores for specific combinations of factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference between between-groups and within-groups designs?

Between-groups designs assign different participants to each condition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can most significantly affect the mean in a dataset?

The presence of outliers Signup and view all the answers

In a factorial design with three factors, how many main effects can be tested?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What does a squared correlation coefficient (r²) indicate?

The proportion of variance accounted for by the independent variable Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes simple main effects?

The impact of one independent variable across all levels of another variable Signup and view all the answers

What impact does increasing sample size have on the influence of outliers on the mean?

Decreases the impact of outliers on the mean Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graph is most appropriate for displaying means in a factorial design?

Bar graph Signup and view all the answers

What defines pseudoscience in contrast to scientific approaches?

Pseudoscience uses untestable claims as hypotheses. Signup and view all the answers

Which goal of scientific research in psychology is aimed at understanding the underlying processes of behavior?

To explain behavior. Signup and view all the answers

How does basic research differ from applied research?

Basic research focuses on theories and principles, while applied research addresses specific real-world issues. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major functions of a theory in research?

To generate hypotheses and explain outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of falsifiability in relation to hypotheses?

A hypothesis should be framed in a way that it can be proven false. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle of parsimony?

The simplest explanation is preferred over more complex ones. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a possible risk of participating in research?

Experiencing emotional distress during participation. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a ratio scale from an interval scale?

Ratio scales have a true zero point, while interval scales do not. Signup and view all the answers

Why is informed consent important in research involving human participants?

It guarantees that participants have full knowledge of the study. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common reason for conducting survey research?

To gather information on public opinion or behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consideration when writing survey questions?

Avoiding leading or loaded questions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using a pre-test in a pre-test post-test design?

To measure changes in the dependent variable after treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key advantage of counterbalancing in repeated measures designs?

It ensures that every participant is exposed to all conditions in a random order. Signup and view all the answers

In which design is matched pairs best utilized?

When participants are related in pairs by a specific characteristic. Signup and view all the answers

What does a factorial design allow researchers to investigate?

The interaction between multiple independent variables. Signup and view all the answers

How does the strength of an independent variable (IV) relate to the sensitivity of a dependent variable (DV)?

A strong IV can be effectively measured by a sensitive DV. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Notes

The exam covers chapters 1-12 and 14.
Approximately 60% of the exam focuses on material after midterm 2 (chapters 6, 7, 10, and 14).
The remaining 40% covers material before midterm 2 (other chapters).
Students must bring relevant ID, writing implements, and a calculator is not permitted.
The exam is 2.5 hours long. Late arrivals may not be allowed to write the exam.
Closed book exam; no textbooks, notes, electronic devices, or dictionaries are permitted.
Review i>clicker questions.
Review class recordings.
Practice explaining concepts to someone outside the class.
Review "Review Questions" at the end of each chapter.
Study group discussion of "Deepen Your Understanding" questions are encouraged.
If registered for accommodations, exam will be administered in an accessible space, at least 7 days in advance of exam.

Multiple Choice

Most questions come from the textbook and lectures.
Each question has 5 response options.
Select the best answer.
Questions may overlap lecture and text material.
Answer in both the exam booklet and scantron sheet using pencil.
Evaluate each option carefully.
Guess if unsure; no penalty for incorrect answers.
No extra time is allowed to complete scantrons.

Short Answer

Study concepts that can be compared or contrasted.
Define and provide examples of key terms and concepts.
Apply concepts to new examples.
Interpret graphs (bar and line).

Additional Notes

This study guide focuses on the most critical topics.
All materials covered in the textbook, lecture, in-class activities, and asynchronous modules are examinable, unless otherwise specified.
Good luck!

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This guide outlines the important aspects of the upcoming exam covering chapters 1-12 and 14. Focus on the major topics highlighted from midterm 2 and review essential questions and concepts. Ensure you are prepared by following the recommended study practices and understanding exam protocols.