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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?
What is the primary role of pulmonary surfactant in the lungs?
In the case of surfactant deficiency, which of the following increases in the lungs?
In the case of surfactant deficiency, which of the following increases in the lungs?
Which condition is primarily associated with a lack of adequate surfactant production in premature infants?
Which condition is primarily associated with a lack of adequate surfactant production in premature infants?
What must be countered at the end of expiration to prevent complete alveolar collapse?
What must be countered at the end of expiration to prevent complete alveolar collapse?
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Which of the following best describes the lungs at Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
Which of the following best describes the lungs at Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
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What active process is required during inspiration and involves overcoming several forces?
What active process is required during inspiration and involves overcoming several forces?
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Which force is NOT required to be overcome during the process of inspiration?
Which force is NOT required to be overcome during the process of inspiration?
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What mechanism is primarily responsible for Na+ reabsorption in the early distal tubule?
What mechanism is primarily responsible for Na+ reabsorption in the early distal tubule?
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What hormones regulate calcium reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule?
What hormones regulate calcium reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule?
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Which cells secrete renin in response to low blood pressure and low blood volume?
Which cells secrete renin in response to low blood pressure and low blood volume?
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What is the primary effect of loop diuretics like Lasix/Furosemide on urine?
What is the primary effect of loop diuretics like Lasix/Furosemide on urine?
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What role do macula densa cells play in renal function?
What role do macula densa cells play in renal function?
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Which factor is NOT a requirement that must be overcome for normal ventilation?
Which factor is NOT a requirement that must be overcome for normal ventilation?
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What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the alveoli after accounting for humidity and CO2 presence?
What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the alveoli after accounting for humidity and CO2 presence?
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How does the process of alveolar ventilation utilize pressure gradients?
How does the process of alveolar ventilation utilize pressure gradients?
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What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) upon reaching the alveoli after inhalation?
What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) upon reaching the alveoli after inhalation?
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Which of the following describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on bronchodilation?
Which of the following describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on bronchodilation?
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What is the typical energy expenditure required for quiet breathing?
What is the typical energy expenditure required for quiet breathing?
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How is Alveolar PCO2 calculated based on the rates of CO2 production and removal?
How is Alveolar PCO2 calculated based on the rates of CO2 production and removal?
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What happens to the partial pressure of gases when atmospheric pressure changes?
What happens to the partial pressure of gases when atmospheric pressure changes?
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What effect can abnormal breathing patterns have on CO2 levels in the body?
What effect can abnormal breathing patterns have on CO2 levels in the body?
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What is the effect of carbon monoxide on the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?
What is the effect of carbon monoxide on the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve?
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Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production?
Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production?
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In which part of the body does the majority of blood pass through the kidneys at any given time?
In which part of the body does the majority of blood pass through the kidneys at any given time?
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What is the normal value of P50 for hemoglobin-oxygen binding?
What is the normal value of P50 for hemoglobin-oxygen binding?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the filtration of particle X in the kidneys?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the filtration of particle X in the kidneys?
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What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining body homeostasis?
What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining body homeostasis?
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Which segment of the nephron is primarily responsible for water reabsorption?
Which segment of the nephron is primarily responsible for water reabsorption?
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How does an increase in sympathetic activity affect blood pressure?
How does an increase in sympathetic activity affect blood pressure?
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Which type of nephron is primarily involved in the concentration of urine?
Which type of nephron is primarily involved in the concentration of urine?
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What is the primary factor that allows for higher permeability in the glomerulus?
What is the primary factor that allows for higher permeability in the glomerulus?
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When afferent arterioles are constricted, what is the most likely effect on GFR?
When afferent arterioles are constricted, what is the most likely effect on GFR?
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What is the Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) when hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, and Bowman’s capsule pressure are 55 mmHg, 30 mmHg, and 15 mmHg respectively?
What is the Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) when hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, and Bowman’s capsule pressure are 55 mmHg, 30 mmHg, and 15 mmHg respectively?
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Which condition could lead to an increase in Bowman’s Capsule hydrostatic pressure?
Which condition could lead to an increase in Bowman’s Capsule hydrostatic pressure?
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What role do the afferent and efferent arterioles play in maintaining constant blood pressure across the glomerulus?
What role do the afferent and efferent arterioles play in maintaining constant blood pressure across the glomerulus?
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If net filtration pressure (NFP) increases, what happens to glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
If net filtration pressure (NFP) increases, what happens to glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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What effect does the dilation of the afferent arteriole have on GFR when the efferent arteriole remains unchanged?
What effect does the dilation of the afferent arteriole have on GFR when the efferent arteriole remains unchanged?
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What occurs when Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure decreases?
What occurs when Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure decreases?
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What is the primary force opposing filtration in the glomerulus?
What is the primary force opposing filtration in the glomerulus?
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Which of the following scenarios would most likely cause an increase in GFR?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely cause an increase in GFR?
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Study Notes
Exam 4 Study Guide
- Exam covers chapters 13 and 14, use PowerPoint slides and notes as primary material
- Consult textbook and online resources for further clarification, don't solely rely on provided guide
- Exam is 50 multiple choice/true/false questions, 23 respiratory, 27 renal
- 2 sequential order questions, one each for respiratory, and renal
Chapter 13 - Respiratory
- Respiration is the sum of processes for O2 movement from atmosphere to tissues and CO2 from tissues to atmosphere to support cell metabolism
- Cellular Respiration intracellular processes in mitochondria using O2 to produce CO2
- External Respiration is the complete O2 and CO2 exchange sequence between the external environment and tissue cells
- PO2 and Hb Saturation are proportionally related; increasing PO2 increases Hb saturation.
- External Respiration steps
- Ventilation: air movement in and out of lungs
- Diffusion: O2 and CO2 exchange between alveoli and blood
- Blood Transport: O2 and CO2 transport between lungs and tissues
- Diffusion: O2 and CO2 exchange between tissues and blood
- Lungs vs. Airways: Lungs are in the thoracic cavity, consisting of lobes and segments with airways, alveoli, and blood vessels. Airways are the tubes for air passage.
- Lung Anatomy: Conducting zone (no gas exchange, trachea and bronchi have cartilage) and respiratory zone (alveoli, the sites of gas exchange)
- Conducting zone includes trachea and bronchi, these structures branch and narrow continuously
- Respiratory zone involves bronchioles and alveoli for gas exchange
- Alveoli: Type 1 alveolar cells form the walls and Type 2 cells secrete surfactant to prevent collapse. Pulmonary capillaries surround the alveoli for gas exchange.
Other Concepts
- Mucociliary Escalator: Mucus-covered cilia in lungs move foreign particles upward out of respiratory system.
- Surface Area: Alveoli have high surface area for efficient gas exchange
- Alveolar Pressure: This accounts for lung and chest interactions. Intra-alveolar Pressure should match atmospheric pressure.
Chapter 14 - Renal
- Kidney Functions: Maintaining water balance, regulating osmolarity, blood pressure and electrolytes, waste excretion (urea), acid-base balance, and producing hormones.
- Kidney Structure: Cortex with nephrons, medulla with renal pyramids collecting fluid, and associated vessels (renal artery and vein, ureters).
- Nephron: The functional unit of the kidney consisting of glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, PCT, loop of Henle, and DCT.
- Glomerulus and Filtration: High hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus forces water and small solutes into Bowman's capsule.
- Types of nephrons: Cortical nephrons (shorter loop of Henle, majority) and juxtamedullary nephrons (longer loop of Henle for concentration gradient).
- Tubular Reabsorption: Selective movement of substances from filtrate back into the blood to maintain fluid balance (Na+, water, etc).
- Tubular Secretion: Transfer substances from the blood into the filtrate to maintain homeostasis or to excrete waste (H+, K+, etc).
- The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is important in fluid, electrolyte, and blood pressure regulation.
- Micturition Reflex: The process of urine elimination activated by stretch receptors in bladder.
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Description
This study guide covers important concepts from Chapters 13 and 14, focusing on respiratory and renal systems in preparation for the upcoming exam. It includes key processes such as respiration, external respiration, and cellular respiration, along with review guidelines and question formats. Make sure to consult your textbook and available online resources for comprehensive understanding.
