Evolution and Theories of Lamarck and Darwin
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Questions and Answers

Which statement best describes the change in the peppered moth population after the industrial revolution?

  • Light-colored moths became more common.
  • Both types of moths became equally common.
  • The color of the moths did not change.
  • Dark-colored moths became more common. (correct)

The light-colored peppered moths were favored by natural selection before the industrial revolution.

True (A)

What phenomenon explains the increase in dark-colored peppered moths after the industrial revolution?

Natural selection

Before the industrial revolution, most peppered moths were of the ______ form.

<p>light</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>Genotype = The genetic constitution of an organism Phenotype = The observable traits of an organism Mutation = A change in the DNA sequence Natural Selection = The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lamarck's theory of evolution suggests that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be [blank] to its offspring. What is this process called?

<p>Inheritance of acquired characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mutagens are factors that can cause changes in the genotype of an organism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused the dark-colored moths to have a survival advantage during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Their coloration matched the darkened tree bark (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Light-colored moths were less likely to survive and reproduce in an industrial environment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the dark-colored moths have on the genetics of their offspring?

<p>They passed advantageous genes to their offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon where darker moths thrived due to pollution is an example of __________.

<p>natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to genetics with their definitions:

<p>Genotype = The genetic makeup of an individual Phenotype = The observable traits of an individual Mutagens = Agents that can cause changes in DNA Lamarck's Theory = The idea that organisms can pass traits acquired during their lifetime to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns best with the concept of Lamarck's theory?

<p>Acquired traits can be passed on to the next generation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dark and light-colored moths are an example of different genotypes in the same environment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Industrial Revolution play in the evolution of the peppered moth?

<p>It created pollution that darkened tree bark, impacting predator visibility and survival of moths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The percentage of dark moths in the population __________ over time due to selective pressures.

<p>increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept behind Lamarck's theory of evolution?

<p>Inheritance of acquired characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin's observations of finches in the Galapagos Islands led him to develop the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

<p>Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the observable characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process through which organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more effectively is known as _____ selection.

<p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Genotype = The genetic constitution of an organism Phenotype = The observable traits of an organism Mutation = A change in the DNA sequence Adaptation = A trait that increases survival in a specific environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the peppered moth example of evolution?

<p>Dark-colored moths were favored due to predation changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection always results in more complex organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the ship Darwin was aboard during his voyage that led to his observations of natural selection.

<p>HMS Beagle</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ characteristics are traits that can be passed from parents to offspring through genes.

<p>Heritable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor did Darwin identify as influencing which organisms survive and reproduce?

<p>Inherited traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Peppered Moth Forms

The peppered moth is a common insect in Britain with two forms: the dark form and the light form.

Light Form

The light form of the peppered moth has a speckled white and black coloration, resembling the lichen covered trees.

Dark Form

The dark form of the peppered moth is darker in color, mimicking the soot-stained tree bark.

Peppered Moth Before Industrial Revolution

Before the Industrial Revolution, the light form of the peppered moth was more common due to its camouflage against the lichen-covered trees, which thrived in cleaner air.

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Peppered Moth After Industrial Revolution

After the Industrial Revolution, the dark form of the peppered moth became more common because the soot from industrial pollution darkened the tree bark, killing the lichens and making the light form more visible to predators.

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Natural Selection in Peppered Moths

The change in the peppered moth's population from light form to dark form is an example of natural selection. This process favors traits that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction.

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Variation in Species

Variations within species, such as the different forms of the peppered moth, allow populations to adapt to changing environments.

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Evolution

The process of change in the heritable traits of a biological population over successive generations.

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Heritable characteristics

Characteristics that are passed down from parents to offspring through genes.

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Biological population

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time.

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Adaptations

Inherited traits that increase an organism's chance of survival in its environment.

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Lamarck's Theory

The theory that organisms inherit traits acquired during their lifetime and pass them on to their offspring.

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Natural Selection

The theory proposed by Darwin that explains how evolution occurs through the survival and reproduction of organisms best suited to their environment.

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Natural Selection

The process of individuals with advantageous traits being more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the passing on of those traits to future generations.

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Variation

The variation in traits within a population allows some individuals to be better suited to their environment.

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Survival of the Fittest

The principle that individuals best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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Population

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.

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Genetic variation

Differences in traits among individuals of a species, caused by variations in their genes.

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Selective pressure

The changes in an organism's environment that affect its survival and reproduction.

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Differential survival

The process by which organisms with traits that make them better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more often, passing on those traits to their offspring.

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Differential reproduction

The process by which organisms with advantageous traits reproduce more successfully, passing on those traits to their offspring.

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Evolutionary change

The change in a population's genetic makeup over time due to natural selection.

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Study Notes

Evolution

  • Evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
  • Heritable characteristics are inherited via genes from parents.
  • Biological populations are members of a single species in a common location at a common time.
  • Evolution often results in adaptations that increase an organism's chance of survival in its environment.

Lamark's Theory (1809)

  • Lamark's theory proposed "inheritance of acquired characteristics," meaning organisms could develop traits during their lives and pass those traits onto their offspring.
  • His theory didn't include genetic characteristics; traits acquired during an organism's life cannot be passed down to the next generation.

Darwin (1859)

  • Darwin was a naturalist who observed variations in finches on the Galapagos Islands.
  • He noticed variations in beak shape and size among finches, suggesting adaptation to different food sources.
  • He developed the theory of natural selection.
  • Natural selection proposes a mechanism for evolution.

Natural Selection

  • Variation exists within a population. This variation, caused by mutations, is what allows natural selection to take place.
  • There is a struggle for survival, often due to competition for resources.
  • Individuals better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing their favorable traits to their offspring.
  • Over time, the advantageous characteristics become more prevalent in the population, driving the evolution of organisms.

Genes and Variation

  • DNA is the instruction book for traits
  • DNA is arranged into chromosomes, which come in pairs.
  • The number of chromosome pairs varies between species.
  • Genes code for proteins, the building blocks of life.
  • Variation in genes, called alleles, leads to different traits.
  • Alleles arise from mutations.
  • Mutations can cause variation in traits.
  • Some mutations can be positive, neutral, or negative. Positive mutations increase an organism's fitness, neutral mutations have no effect, negative mutations are detrimental to an organism.
  • Traits are often polygenic; meaning they are influenced by many genes
  • Examples of single gene traits are widows peak, tongue-rolling, attached earlobes.
  • Examples of polygenic traits are height, eye color.

Sources of Variation

  • Mutations: changes in the arrangement of bases of our individual genes
  • Sexual reproduction: creates genetic variation through crossing over during meiosis and random assortment of chromosomes.

Genetic Definition of Evolution

  • A change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population.

Examples of Evolution

  • Peppered moths: demonstrates natural selection in response to environmental change. There is variation in color in peppered moth populations. During the Industrial Revolution, soot from pollution darkened tree bark, making dark moths less visible to predators, leading to an increase in the frequency of dark moths in the population.

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Explore the fundamental concepts of evolution, including the heritable characteristics of populations and the theories proposed by Lamarck and Darwin. Understand how adaptations occur and the significance of natural selection in the evolution of species.

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