Cell Transformation Factors Processes
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What is the initial event in the carcinogenesis process?

  • Malignant Transformation
  • Progression
  • Promotion
  • Initiation (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the process of tumor formation?

  • It requires a combination of genetic and metabolic factors.
  • It is exclusively caused by inherited genetic mutations.
  • It arises from multiple non-clonal cells.
  • It begins with clonal expansion of a single cell. (correct)

    • What role do proto-oncogenes play in cancer development?

  • They promote cell growth and division. (correct)
  • They repair damaged DNA.
  • They suppress tumor formation.
  • They inhibit cell division.

    • Which stage of carcinogenesis refers to irreversible cellular changes with malignant characteristics?

    <p>Progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of nonlethal genetic mutations leading to cancer?

    <p>Environmental exposures and random mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of clonal expansion in tumor development?

    <p>It results from the proliferation of genetically altered cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a tumor suppressor gene's function?

    <p>Inhibits cellular growth and division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT a typical initiating factor in carcinogenesis?

    <p>Exercise habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best definition of cancer?

    <p>An uncontrolled proliferation of any cell type in the body resulting from a deranged growth process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT part of cancer development?

    <p>Regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genetic changes can lead to cancer?

    <p>Mutations in genes regulating cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hyperplasia in cellular growth?

    <p>Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular mechanism involves the abnormal growth and division of clonal progeny originating from a single cell?

    <p>Neoplastic transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tumor suppressor genes contribute to cancer development?

    <p>By promoting uncontrolled cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of dysplasia in cellular biology?

    <p>Abnormal organization and variation in cell size and shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a common initiating factor for the transformation of normal cells into neoplastic cells?

    <p>Genetic mutations affecting specific cell regulatory pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of oncogene activation in cancer development?

    <p>Promoting cell growth independently of growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tumor suppressor genes, such as TP53?

    <p>To inhibit cell cycle progression and prevent uncontrolled growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of carcinogenesis involves the initial exposure to an initiating factor?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the progression stage of carcinogenesis?

    <p>Irreversible cellular changes that express malignant characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a consequence of altered cellular metabolism in cancer cells?

    <p>Enhanced nutrient acquisition through the Warburg Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of cancer cells allows them to avoid normal growth limitations?

    <p>Limitless replicative potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows cancer cells to spread from the original tumor site to other parts of the body?

    <p>Invasion and metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-sufficiency in growth signals in cancer cells imply?

    <p>Cells can grow without any growth signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sustained angiogenesis in cancer development?

    <p>To provide necessary nutrients and oxygen for tumor growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis?

    <p>Additional factors lead to the proliferation of initiated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of dysregulated cell growth due to genetic damage?

    <p>Uncontrolled new growth occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best represents the multi-hit theory of carcinogenesis?

    <p>Multiple mutations accumulate over time to trigger cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes contribute to cancer?

    <p>They result in both gain and loss of function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do genes involved in DNA repair play in cancer development?

    <p>They prevent the accumulation of mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In successful tumor progression, which aspect of cell behavior becomes increasingly disordered?

    <p>The regulatory mechanisms of cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the initiation stage of carcinogenesis?

    <p>A cell is exposed to an initiating factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marks the transition from normal cells to neoplastic cells during carcinogenesis?

    <p>A series of genetic mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of promotion in the carcinogenesis process?

    <p>To enhance the effects of the initiating factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the progression stage of carcinogenesis?

    <p>Changes become irreversible and cells become malignant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes genetic alterations that lead to cancer?

    <p>Environmental exposures and random mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tumors develop at the cellular level?

    <p>Through the clonal expansion of a single mutated cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a consequence of carcinogenesis?

    <p>Malignant cells develop self-sufficiency in growth signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the transformation of normal cells to malignant ones?

    <p>A progressive series of genetic and cellular changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase in the carcinogenesis process where further factors contribute to the transformation of a cell?

    <p>Promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of abnormal growth allows cancer cells to bypass normal cellular limits?

    <p>Limitless replicative potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of carcinogenesis do cellular changes become irreversible?

    <p>Progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells in terms of growth signals?

    <p>Self-sufficiency in growth signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the ability of cancer cells to evade programmed cell death?

    <p>Evasion of apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of abnormal growth helps cancer cells to sustain their own nutrient supply?

    <p>Angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the transformation of normal cells into neoplastic cells?

    <p>Acquired or inherited mutations in a single cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of tumor suppressor gene inactivation in cancer cells?

    <p>Loss of growth inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transformation stage in carcinogenesis is characterized by the initial event of exposure to an initiating factor?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the initial event leading to neoplastic transformation?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abnormal growth characteristic specifically describes cancer cells' ability to invade surrounding tissues?

    <p>Ability to invade and metastasise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines dysplasia in cellular biology?

    <p>Abnormal growth with disordered differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the Warburg Effect have on cancer cells?

    <p>Altered cellular metabolism favoring glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is most likely to contribute to cancer development?

    <p>Promotion and progression of abnormal cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do 'damaged' genes play in cancer development?

    <p>They can cause uncontrolled cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of an ordered cellular growth process becoming deranged?

    <p>Survival and reproduction of abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is often a precursor to cancer due to its abnormal cellular growth?

    <p>Dysplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an increase in the number of cells, which can indicate a risk for cancer?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular change signifies that cancer cells have surpassed normal tissue boundaries?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attendance

    • Students need to check into sessions via Osler.

    Cell Transformation Factors and Processes - The Molecular Basis of Cancer

    • Cancer is a genetic disorder of cell growth triggered by mutations.
    • The mutations affect a single cell and its progeny.
    • Cancer development involves a series of events (initiation, promotion, progression).
    • Initiation is the initial event where the cell is exposed to an initiating factor.
    • Promotion is the secondary event where the cell is exposed to additional factors.
    • Progression is the third stage where cellular changes are irreversible and express malignant characteristics.
    • Genetic alterations (like mutations in genes controlling cell growth, death, or repair) are the cause of cancer.
    • Cancer cells have the ability to invade normal tissue and spread to distant sites (metastasis).
    • Damage to DNA is caused by environmental exposures or inherited factors.
    • Tumor formation results from the clonal expansion of a single precursor cell.

    Week 6 Scenario

    • Dr. Tom Walker, anaesthetist at Townsville Hospital, experienced a concerning skin lesion.
    • The lesion, showing scaly red area, raised suspicion for potential skin cancer.
    • A tissue sample (biopsy) was sent.

    Week Learning Outcomes (Week 6 - Science and Scholarship)

    • Students must outline the process of transforming normal cells into neoplastic cells.

    Neplastic Cells

    • Neoplasm is defined as a genetic disorder of cell growth triggered by acquired mutations affecting a single cell and its progeny.

    Session Learning Outcomes

    • Students will understand typical features of normal and abnormal cell growth.
    • Students will learn about cancer initiation, promotion, and progression.
    • Students will learn about gene classes that can contribute to cancer.
    • Students should define hyperplasia, hypertrophy, dysplasia, and metaplasia.

    What is Cancer?

    • Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation (growth) of cells that originate from any cell type.
    • Normally, cells grow and divide in an ordered fashion, removing damaged or old cells.
    • In cancer, this ordered process breaks down; abnormal cells grow and multiply uncontrollably, exceeding normal tissue boundaries.

    What is Cancer? (Initiation, Hyperplasia, Dysplasia, In Situ Cancer, Invasive Cancer and Metastasis)

    • Initiation: oncogene activation in the altered cell.
    • Hyperplasia: cells divide more rapidly than normal,
    • Dysplasia: altered cells with increased growth potential
    • In situ cancer: cancer cells rapidly grow and stay confined in one place.
    • Invasive cancer: cancer cells invade normal tissue and enter blood and lymph.
    • Metastasis: cancer forms at distant sites.

    What is the Process? (Carcinogenesis)

    • Carcinogenesis involves the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells. It involves events like initiation, promotion, and progression
    • Initiation: The first event is exposure to an initiating factor
    • Promotion: A secondary event where the cell is exposed to additional factors
    • Progression: The third stage involves irreversible cellular changes expression of malignant characteristics

    What is the Molecular Basis of Cancer? (Genetic Alterations)

    • Injury to a cell, resulting in non-lethal genetic mutations, is the definitive cause of cancer.
    • Damage can be caused by environmental exposures.
    • Tumors form through clonal expansion of a single precursor cell.

    Which Genetic Alterations? (Normal Regulatory Genes)

    • Growth-promoting proto-oncogenes
    • Growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
    • Genes central to DNA repair processes
    • Genes central to cell death and cell aging regulation

    Carcinogenesis Results from Accumulated Mutations (Multi-hit theory)

    • Disordered cell growth regulation stems from accumulating DNA damage that isn't repaired.
    • Damaged DNA leads to dysregulated growth patterns, initiating cancer formation (uncontrolled new growth).

    Carcinogenesis Results from Accumulated Mutations (Multi-hit theory)

    • Cancer arises when normal cells accumulate driver and passenger mutations.
    • Initiated precursor cells may develop cancer hallmarks.
    • The accumulated genetic changes may lead to genetically heterogeneous or heterogeneous cancer.

    Carcinogenesis Results from Accumulated Mutations (Example: Colorectal Cancer)

    • Colorectal cancer development involves multiple steps, starting with normal epithelial cells, progressing through hyperproliferative changes, and various adenoma stages to ultimately form carcinoma.
    • Sequential genetic mutations, mainly concerning tumour suppressor genes, underlie abnormalities leading to colorectal cancer.

    Increasing Disorder of Growth in Tumors

    • The disorder of growth is essential for the successful progression of a tumor.
    • Tumor cells exhibit various cell variants that are highly heterogeneous.
    • Tumors grow via cell proliferation of genetically unstable cells.

    Common Biological and Molecular Hallmarks of Cancer

    • Sustaining proliferative signaling
    • Evading growth suppressors
    • Resisting cell death
    • Enabling replicative immortality
    • Inducing angiogenesis
    • Activating invasion and metastasis
    • Deregulating cellular energetics
    • Tumor-promoting inflammation
    • Genomic instability (mutator phenotype)

    Comparing Normal and Abnormal Growth (Characteristics of Normal Growth)

    • Growth is dependent on growth factors.
    • Cells are anchorage-dependent for growth.
    • Contact inhibition controls growth.
    • Cells exhibit a limited lifespan.
    • Cells can activate apoptotic cascades.

    Comparing Normal and Abnormal Growth (Characteristics of Abnormal Growth)

    • Self-sufficiency in growth signals (oncogene activation).
    • Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals (inactivation of tumor suppressor genes).
    • Altered cellular metabolism (Warburg effect).
    • Evading apoptosis.
    • Limitless replicative potential (immortality).
    • Sustained angiogenesis.
    • Ability to invade and metastasize.

    Characteristics of Abnormal Growth (Tumour suppressor gene TP53)

    • Oncongenic stress, hypoxia and DNA damage cause the accumulation of p53.
    • p53 regulates the DNA damage repair and cell cycle arrest pathways.
    • If p53 is disrupted, DNA damage is not repaired, leading to the development of cancer.

    Altered Cellular Metabolism (Warburg Effect)

    • Cancer cells favor anaerobic (without oxygen) glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation.
    • This allows for rapid cell growth, even in low oxygen environments

    Characteristics of Normal Growth (Regulated Cell Death)

    • Balance between apoptotic signals (bax) and anti-apoptotic signals (bcl-2).
    • p53 pathway plays key role in apoptosis.

    Characteristics of Abnormal Growth (Evasion of Apoptosis)

    • Cells can evade programmed cell death (apoptosis).
    • This allows cancerous cells to survive and replicate unchecked, leading to tumour growth.

    Characteristics of Normal Growth (Limited Lifespan)

    • Cells have a limited number of divisions determined by telomere length.
    • Shortening telomeres signal the cessation of cell division, preventing uncontrolled growth in normal cells.

    Characteristics of Abnormal Growth (Limitless Replicative Potential)

    • Cancer cells often reactivate telomerase, an enzyme that maintains telomere length, to replicate indefinitely.

    Characteristics of Abnormal Growth (Sustained Angiogenesis)

    • Cancer cells stimulate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to support their growth and spread.

    ###Characteristics of Abnormal Growth (Ability to Invade and Metastasize)

    • Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues to spread, often entering the circulatory system from lymphatics or blood vessels for dispersal to distant sites, a stage known as metastasizing.

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    Cell Transformation Factors and Processes - Bond University PDF

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    LO: Outline the process of transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells

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