Factors Affecting Rate of Normal Cells to Malignant State Quiz

Alpha-fetoprotein is synthesized and secreted in the ______, found in the cord blood, and detected in hepatomas. It is also seen in non-malignant cases such as cirrhosis and hepatitis.

CA 125, a mucin-like glycoprotein, is most useful in ovarian and ______ carcinomas.

Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) is recommended for monitoring patients for recurring epithelial ovarian cancer. Disease recurrence or progression can be indicated if HE4 levels are >_150.1 pM. This marker is not specific for ovarian cancer, and is also used for other ______.

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is produced and used exclusively by the ______ gland. A Tg assay is frequently ordered prior to thyroid surgery to determine whether the tumor is producing Tg.

Neutrophils have a percentage range of 60-70% in the differential white cell count. Basophils have a percentage range of 0.5-1%. Eosinophils have a percentage range of 2-4%. Monocytes have a percentage range of 3-8%. Lymphocytes have a percentage range of 20-25%. Dendritic cells initiate the ______ immune response.

Neutrophils are known for their ______ activity. Basophils produce histamine. Eosinophils are toxic to parasites and also perform ______.

Monocytes function as ______ as mature macrophages. They are found as fixed macrophages in lungs, liver, and bronchi, and as wandering macrophages roaming tissues.

Microbial evasion of phagocytosis includes inhibiting adherence using M protein and capsules in organisms like Streptococcus pyogenes and S.pneumoniae. Staphylococcus aureus uses leukocidins to ______ phagocytes. Listeriamonocytogenes uses membrane attack complex to ______ phagocytes.

Spontaneous regression is the ________ of cancer cells without any treatment

Loss of contact inhibition leads to ________ reproduction of cells

Radiation exposure is associated with specific types of cancer, such as acute leukemia, thyroid cancer, and ________

Aerosol and industrial pollutants, drugs, infectious agents, and radiation exposure are environmental factors definitely linked with ________

Lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, and cyclic aromatics are linked with lung cancer due to exposure to ________

Hepatitis B is associated with an increased risk of developing ________

ERC are coated with both IgG and ______, although in some, coating with IgG alone, or less often, with complement alone.

Cold reactive IgM antibodies react with RBCs in the peripheral circulation when the body temp falls to 32 deg.C and binds C to the cell. This IgG autoantibody can be demonstrated by performing the donath landsteiner t.DLA (IgG directed against antigen ______).

Autoantibody is an IgG that reacts with RBCs in colder parts of the body. At warmer temp, RBCs are destroyed and Ab elutes from the cells. As idiopathic as it has remained, an initial insult (injury) to the pulmonary vasculature is required for exposure of the alveolar capillaries to the anti-GBM antibodies. Predisposing factors for such exposure include the following: o Exposure to organic solvents e.g. ______ or hydrocarbon).

Exposure to tobacco smoke, certain gene mutations (human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR15), infection (viral), such as influenza A, cocaine inhalation, metal dust inhalation, bacteremia, sepsis, high-oxygen environments, anti-lymphocytic treatment (especially monoclonal antibodies such as ______).