Ethiopian History: 1800-1995

Course Overview

• This is a common course designed for Ethiopian students in higher learning institutions
• It covers Ethiopia and the Horn's history from ancient times to 1995
• The intent is to help understand the past, shape the future, and improve lives
• The course is divided into seven major chapters with additional subtopics
• It focuses on major Ethiopian and Horn topics, including social, cultural, economic, and political developments and their interrelationships
• Considers the chronology and thematic relations of events in both time and space
• Includes regional histories to be inclusive and representative

Course Objectives

• The key objective is to introduce the diverse histories of Ethiopia and the Horn
• It examines the degree to which that interactions across the region as well as with the outside world has influenced the region's history

Specific Goals: Students Will Be Able to

• Understand the nature and importance of history
• Find important historical resources about Ethiopia and the Horn
• Explain how Ethiopia and the Horn have changed and stayed the same
• Break down the reasons, progression, and results of key events of the region
• Clarify the connection between external forces on the area and their effects
• Value the achievements, cultures, and different backgrounds of peoples from the region

Course Content Summary

• An introduction begins the module
• Unit One covers introductions, takes 3 hours
• Unit Two goes over the people and cultures of Ethiopia and the Horn, totaling 4 hours
• Unit Three talks about politics, economy, and society in Ethiopia and the Horn up to the end of the thirteenth century, accounting for 6 hours
• Unit Four looks at politics, economy, and society from the late thirteenth century up to the sixteenth century, going for 6 hours
• Unit Five discusses politics, economy, and social processes from the early sixteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century, summing up to 10 hours
• Unit Six is about internal development and external relations of Ethiopia and the Horn, 1800-1941, totaling 10 hours
• Unit Seven discusses internal development and external relations, 1941-1995, for 5 hours

Unit One: Introduction

• Module Introduction
• It takes 3 hours
• It goes over the nature and uses of history
• The sources and methods of historical study is discussed
• Describes the Historiography of Ethiopia and The Horn
• Looks at the Geographical Context

Unit Two: Peoples and Cultures in Ethiopia and the Horn

• Totals 4 Hours
• Describes human evolution
• Looks at the neolithic revolution
• Details the peopling of the region
• Examines religion and religious processes

Unit Three: Politics, Economy, and Society in Ethiopia and the Horn to the End of the Thirteenth Century

• Takes 6 Hours
• Looks at the emergence of states
• Goes over ancient states
• Talks about external contacts
• Describes economic formations
• Reviews socio-cultural achievements

Unit Four: Politics, Economy, and Society from the Late Thirteenth to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Centuries

• Sums up to 6 hours
• Studies the "Restoration" of the "Solomonic” Dynasty
• Dives into the power struggles, territorial consolidation and expansion and religious process
• Describes the Political and Socio-Economic dynamics in Muslim Sultanates
• Talks about Rivalry Between the Christian Kingdom and The Muslim States
• Examines External Relations

Unit Five: Politics, Economy, and Social Processes from the Early Fourteenth to the End of the Eighteenth Centuries

• Accounts to 10 hours
• Looks at the Conflict Between the Christian Kingdom and Sultanate of Adal and After
• Examines Foreign Intervention and Religious Controversies
• Describes Population movements
• Discusses Interaction and Integration Across Ethnic and Religious Diversities
• Explains the Peoples and States in Eastern, Central, Southern and Western Regions
• Gives insight on The Gondarine Period and Zemena-Mesafint

Unit Six: Internal Developments and External Relations of Ethiopia and the Horn

• Totals 10 Hours
• Talks about The Nature of interactions Among People and states of Ethiopia and the Horn
• Describes Making of the Modern Ethiopian State
• Examines Modernization Attempts
• Describes Socio-Economic developments
• Examines External Relations

Unit Seven: Internal Development and External Relations, 1941-1995

• Lasts 5 hours
• Describes the Post-1941 Imperial Period
• Talks about the Derg Regime
• Describes Transitional Government

I. Nature of History

• The word "history" is derived from the Greek "Istoria"
• Istoria means inquiry or an account of one's inquiries
• Herodotus, a Greek historian and “the father of history,” first used “history”
• All of history involves things that happened in the human past
• History includes events, facts of the past, and what has been kept in some form of writing
• History also deals with events what actually happened, regardless of whether or not historians have recorded it yet
• Historians use their knowledge to write history
• Academically, history is the organized and thorough process of discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of prior events
• Its study is selective as the past is infinite
• It is concerned with human society and its link to the environment with the time period as framework
• Historians consider developments that are social, political, economic, cultural, and environmental when studying and breaking down the past
• Conventionally, history is split into ancient, medieval, and modern
• This system of division is called periodization, an important aspect of studying history

II. Uses of History

• The ways of implementing historical knowledge are tied to the relationship between the past and present
• History helps individuals better understand the present
• Offers a sense of identity
• Provides basic insight for other subjects
• Encourages critical thinking
• Stimulates tolerance / an open mind to new and unique perspectives, giving flexibility in many life situations
• Offers sources of fascination as well as a sense of beauty and engagement
• Deliberate manipulation of past events to fit a political agenda may be used to justify today's circumstances, as well as monetary purposes

III. Sources of History

• Unlike novelists, historians do not use creativity to create compelling narratives
• Historians produce work via evidence found from the sources available
• Its critical to find evidence “where there are no sources, there is no history."
• Sources are essential to the study and writing of history

IV. Type of Sources

• Divided into two types:
• Primary Source: traces of the past that have survived with original and firsthand details close to the event in time and space
• The manuscripts, travel documents, letters, diaries, court records, travel documents and administrative files, maps, photos, audiovisual materials, and artifacts count as primary sources
• Secondary Source: accounts published after events
• Articles, textbooks, movies and books, as well as biographies are secondary sources
• The old and new interpretations and reconstructions that result from the constant discovery of more sources mean no history is final
• Oral data: category of historical sources
• Is studied to document past cultures that did not leave behind written accounts

V. Oral and Written Accounts

• oral history are the accounts of people involved directly in a historical event, giving testimonies, and offering lived experiences

Evaluation of Historical Writing

• Source evaluation or criticism should be based on originality as well as authenticity externally and internally
• Historians( unlike novelists) ask certain questions to clarify evidence and events
• Must discover proof from the past to create a coherent narrative that makes sense, and draws conclusions

Unit 1.3 Historiography

• The study of historical writing
• It is how knowledge from the past is attained and passed on through an action by an author to interpret depictions of events that have happened
• The organized analysis and written account of the past began with Herodotus (484-425 B.C.E.) alongside Thucydides (455-400 B.C.E.)
• Sima Qian (145-86 B.C.E.) was a notable Chinese author from the Han Dynasty
• History became an academic subject in Europe in the 1800's and later made its way to the US
• Leopold Von Ranke and associates established history in Germany at Germany-Berlin with its own unique system of study
• Ranke is viewed as the "father of modern historiography", or scientific learning of historical research

VII. Historiography in Ethiopia

• There should be an overview of past historical accounts
• First references to Ethiopia in The Horn come from Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, written in the first century A.D by anonymous author
• Documents like Christian Topography are valuable, composed by Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek sailor in the sixth century
• Inscriptions have been uncovered in Yeha, Abba Gerima Monastery, written in the 7th century A.D
• Haiq Istofanos Monastery discovered in Walko in the 13th century
• Lists of medieval kings alongside brief histories are commonly observed
• Hagiography was a common material, linked w/ Ethiopian Orthodox Church alongside the Muslim population
• They were written in Ge’ez and Arabic, amplifying the miracles and prestige of saints

VIII. Hagiography

• Used to describe a religious figure or saint
• Also showcases the development of church and state, plus territory annexations by kings
• Shaykh Ja’far Bukko of Gattira was hagiography in Muslim Tradition, in Wollo ca. late 1800s
• They go over the growth of Islam in the country and the connections between communities and outside powers
• Chronicles: Principal source as historical indigenous tradition
• 14th century in Ge’ez and Amharic and continue up through the 20th

IX. Written Works from Chroniclers

• Works are trusted by Kings with enduring records including Glorious Victories of Amde-Tsion & the Chronicle of Abeto lyasu & Empress Zewditu
• Covers genealogy of monarchs as well as exploits, upbringing, and values
• Distinguished as being chronologically organized with factual information
• Interprets events through perspective of religion not economy
• Problems include chronology that can be hard to quantify

Important Documents & Writers

• Other documents include Arabic accounts of different places in regions
• al-Masudi and Ibn Battuta wrote about culture import/export trade to regions during those days
• Yemeni Writers: important in recording events, and had documentation of their history recorded in 16 & 17th centuries
• First-hand documentation composed by Yemeni writers to document events
• Shihab ad-Din wrote Futuh al Habesha recording Muslim conflicts vs Christian
• Documents include operation of war and conquest of central highlands in Ethiopia led by Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
• Documented significant towns and inhabitants found in the southeast parts of country
• Al-Hayim led a Yemeni delegation in 1647 to court of Fasilides

Primary Written Accounts

• Other texts that leave detailed accounts come from Abba Bahrey’s work
• He documented Oromo expansion, and writing about the Oromo Gadaa government

Western Christian and Christian Writings on Ethiopia

• In 16 and 17th cent important accounts that come from missionary position in that area
• Documents about political and religion and foreign relations with Ethiopia
• Travel of Discover the source of the Nile written by J. Bruce
• Developed interests in Ethiopian studies in Hiob Ludolf 1624-1704
• Founder of Europe for Ethiopia
• Did not visit Ethiopia but got facts from Aba Gregory in that time August billman published two studies:
• Comparison to Ludolf, Billman better markers shows objectivity

Ethiopian Writings

• 19th centuries -> early 20th century departure of Ethiopian history

Ethiopian Historical Writing

• Departed from praise writing for Monarch
• Oldest to take this approach: Taye Gebre-Mariam and Qasim Gjorgis/debtera Fisseha
• Later writers AfeWork, Yessus and Gerbie Hiwot, Baykadagm
• The book was writing about social justice, administrative reform, economics
• Taue & Fisseha work book writing about the history of Ethiopia as well as an similar work Oromo history

Ethiopia History

• The First American noble; while gribie hiwot was the first novel called tobia, during the high point of the early years
• Prolific writer 24th center was bolatin git/hiro
• He published book and major work of his 4/book

More About These Works

• Contrasting Predecessors, Grbie, and Hiriu show relative/objective/sophistication methods.
• Unforutintly Italina occupation of Ethiopia entered at early stage of experiment on 1935
• Post-Liberation period - work formed b/w writers that would be Ethiopian professional writers after

More work

• About 8-historical work and better evaluate previous writer
• Ima-dierse work the important during this document Itgopua, and Sixteenth Century
• Book discuss the Oromo population. /Muslim Christian

Blattan Geta

• Mante-Solosie Wole was one of zikre dealing w/system that dealt what’s war
• Grabie wool also shows with history of land as world
• Further Deajmach Memory publish in 1:920/ 1962
• It's important development
• Story emerged in academic plan the new department opening in 1963
• MA/ PHD 1978 and onward to contact/ wide range fac- student research

Ethiopian IES Institute

• IES Further contributor development of Professional Ethiopia as Home in 1963
• Pankhurst foundation director Prolific work Africa studies
• Also called co author the many books on Ethiopia
• Is been publishing Journal Ethiopian Research, and dissemination of historical research

Recent Times

Horn of Africa

• In other colonial countries was developing independent

Other Developments

• Independence they will come interested about post
• Records, begin to recover evidence
• New methods and data new discipline

Additional Scholars in Area

• European Scholars challenged Euro-centric
• Foundational research
• African studies in london
• Wisconsin: African History

Unit One: Introduction; Geograpical Region

• The Horn contains Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and Djibouti
• Great Rift Valley: Runs from Syria to Mozambique and separates tectonic plates
• The area contains mountains and a plateau divided by the Great Rift Valley System
• Terrain led to climate variations
• Interactions shaped history from people across borders
• Differ, share things from history because of interactions (linguistic, cultural, ethnic)

Location of the Land

• Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Gulf of Eden as well as Sudan and Nile
• Red Sea and the Gulf of Eden link it all Med, East India. and East

Area Drainage

• 5 imp systems:
  • Nile: The White Nile (from Uganda) and Blue Nile (from Ethiopia) drain into the Mediterranean
  • Awash River system links the cool area with the hot area
  • Rift Valley Lakes that contains a string of Lakes from Ziway
  • Gibe the northern part of Kenya
  • Somalia flow to the southeast

Region Zones

• Three Environmental Zones
  • Eastern low land: Northeast and the NE part of Dijbouti; Hararge -Climate: Hot, Dry, less seasons -Region Vegetation: Shrub and Bush -Settlements: Sparse -Central Highland: High altitude mountains and consist of the Hararge Plates -System: Dividing E/W -Topography: deep mountains, plateaus Third: Western low land: to South Etho
• Low altitude
• Covered in Forest countries are linked by language/ethnicity
• Continuous Interaction creating patterns

Ethnic Groups

• interaction with long History
• weekend ethical dividing line
• Linguistic cultural similarities
• Groupings of the population

Introduction: unit Two

• Cradle of Mankid: Ethiopia
• Center food production
• Start of Religious formation to social and political settings
• Region Economic activities
• Diverse Peoples and Cultures

One: Human Eolution

• Accounts for fraction global process natural process 4.5bn years before present
• All life begin 3-1 billion BP plants and fish

Primates

• Around 200 to 70
• Promates developed into: Pongidae (like gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan)
• Hominida, (human ancestors)
• Archeological evidence that says; African lift vally
• Ethiopians discovered evidence in: Omo and Middle Awash River Valley

Two: Fossil Evidence

• 10mln = b/p W/ Haraghe Ardipithecus R.K -> 5,800 Ardipithicu rm at am ->1944 Australopithecines a/ b Middile Awash Australia afarensis Selam DK + MF A=2000 Australopithecus afarnesis L/D ( body Weight3 kf Height, Bipedal pelvis/female

Fossils

Also Fossil

• L Lake Turkania
• Australpithicus A.

Human Brains

• Next development result in genus Homo Homo erected-> Africa to whole earth

Cultural Evolution

Technological changing socio economic changing; 3:stage

• Stone➡️Bronze➡️Iron
• Features; class Ways and periods of production
• Mode 1

Tools Characteristics

• Mode 1: Cude Styles/
• Mode 2. Produce
• Mode 3 characterize flexible & use the of obsidian
• Example stone, tools, found in Etiopia
• Bones discovered Stone tools
• Tools Made by Homo Habilis Homo Er. A tools 1.7mln BP/1830F Ancient tools was /Middle

Homo Spaiens

• Produced Tools 3 million up
• Gadimota (Rify Back 2k)
• Other

Early Tools and Division

• Paleothic
• people Laved in caves
• Develop Language and fur with stone use
• Mesolithic
• Neolithic

Neolithic REvolution

• Humans from Mobile to stable life
• Shifts towards hunting and gathering ( domesticated animals/plants
• C.C result increased hunter/ gathering)
• D of planted are world and wetter

2.3 The Peopling of The Region

• Introduction*:

• *-Ethnically and Linguistically a vast diverse Reigon

• Over 90 language groups exist in Ethiopia

• The three main branches that exist is Cushite, Semitic, and Omotic

• Cushitic has 4 branches divided northern, eastern, southern and central

• Semitic has 2 branches divided northern and southern

Linguistic Processes

Factors such as war urbanization have caused change There are only two language division: Afro asiatic and Nilo-Saharan Afro-Asiatic

• Consitics North, Central, West

2.5 People

• Settlement does not uniform across settlement
• The Cushistic and Semitic People inhabited
• Settled northern
• The Kashies are expanding Sudan/Thanza
• The senitics also settled north central of Ethiopia horn and area

People Dominate

• Along river like chari, are located along Nile

2.6 Economic Formation

• Dom. of animals/plant led
• There two formation and pastoral
• activities influcende
• past. dominated dry areas

2.7 Areas: and Population

• Plateaus support by population and agriculture
• sedentary started/advanced ( Kushities
• North practiced mixing -Trade
• Most pastoral fishing
• Weaving all-known people

nilotes

• Cultivate
• With cattle high social
• Berta/Nilotes trade in Sudan

3. Religion and Religious Processes

• Religions-Indigneiou. Judea, Islam
• Refers practices/ beliefs to that region in society
• Belive in supreme beings

Waqeffanna

• The oromo believe the power Ayyana has supreme waqa

• Many spirt worship

• Oromo have Ekera

• Irrecheaa Festival held every / autumn

• senior Qaalluu-Abba-Muda pilgramage

Abba Mada

• Is black, then white
• I'll call to be holy and accept thanks and gifts
• Oromo
• Waa
• Kamba accept a religous form

3.8 Diformity

• Tosa/Pirit form of spirit

• Rain/Spirit spirit - MICH/ goat spirit, War

• Kolta-Dacho

• Keftich-God/ spirit

• Boma in heaven

• through lights and thunder

Syncretism

The way practice/beleif used and mixed is called

Judism

In Ethiopia was established Hebrew with communities

• Different Rabbis
• The person traces the dan and Moses
• Splitting Norther kingdom

Judea

• To be have people with sun king with Queen Saba with to be have the of Jews to A. intermarriage
• In Etohipu with Native Agave
• Or be Israel followed follow Christian migrated
• The became stated redation in 3/4/a
• Syrian Borthers
• Fremlato is called

List of 9 Famous Saints in Ethiopia

• Consecration of bishops Copto Church with in egypt continue until 191
• Christianity began a expand in 5th century Ell 2 with great/9/ saint
• There also where written in bible in geez / other writing
• Continue Zagwe
• During the 8 Many churches

Other

• 16 - 17 century Jesuits tried
• Convert Monto to Catholics
• Yet blood conflict
• Trigger Religous ctroverities

Protstantm

• Prostantan Missionary soceity of Landon with westeley group was effect to winning of local peeple

Used bible and translated them to local languages

3.16 Islam in Region

• The preach began in 610 in mecca with Muhammaed but oppose quran

• Follower sent akusm with his wife and waths

• Was lead/ by Jafar

• Word " king none pursue/ it lead way, the

• they had get asylm from 61-8; by autum knig

Further notes.

• Gradually Island Expand
• Dahalak Island
• Muslim community a Sultan state settled are around red and pastoral Dahak plays a minor role

Christianity History in Region

• Zeila is used most as passage central
• 8 and 9 centuries trader/ with muslin cleric, 1sh
• Idat- ism
• Umar -Wallasma
• Anad - Iaf walass state
• Shiek of Weliys and expansion I somlia A
• The mosque is culture centre

Unit 3 Begin

• Start in 19 sentury history
• Religion social lives

3.1: The State

• Sedimentary
• residence
• family preferred security
• Ox/ down
• Trade
• Artisans
• state from agriculture / trade with expasion
• Population Territory Souvigrinty and Governance from
• Shaping state

Regions

• East state started, and gradual to create empires
• International water the import/export states that were controlled now Dominate State

Africa

• Earliest state formation
• States empires social
• Control import is strong

UNIT =4-

• introduction politic, economics
• events territory evangelisation, social/cultural in area

4.1 State

• descent from atum kind
• does have History
• rulers derived from Solomon
• It Kibre-negsts in tradition
• Claim from yekono-Amlate to hell I that descnet is Divine/ 12-20

4.2 Struggles

• After Tekno 85 - struggles
• Theygbal Tison for letter
• 5/ sons from 1992 99
• Problems in /1300
• Aba prison walle all male was confined.

The Kingdom

• The monarch's have place
• Atke haic
• The center has moved more north
• All aksyum in north
• Red sea coast to east

Aksium had traditions in the north that were intal

• Items slaves; cotton new made coins

5. 43 History

• golden age in Ethiopia history
• know Cave
• Cave
• Semi-hewn
• Monolitic

Further Notes

• In Shape of Cross/to avoid holy land
• The Zagwe Due to descent
• The king are power users the are all many was
• Took help EOC with and was battle

Other points

• King taken with " and restate
• 14th Centruy amharic
• Chronicals king work, king power and the land
• Problems from quantifications and chronology
• Account Arbasic and langague 10 14th Centuries and trade

Explore Ethiopian history from 1800 to 1995, covering the Zemene-Mesafint, Imperial Period, and Derg regime. Understand internal developments, external relations, and the role of historians. Key figures and events shaped Ethiopia's modernization.