Questions and Answers
What was the core teaching of Abba Ewostatewos?
Observing Sabbath on Sunday
Which group emerged as anti-Ewostatewos and had the support of the Abun and the monarch?
Aqabe-Se‟at Sereqe Birhan in Hayq Monastery
Why did Zara-Yaqob clash with the Estifanosites?
Because they embraced royal supremacy in spiritual matters
What was Emperor Zara-Yaqob's highest ideal for Ethiopian society?
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What did Emperor Zara-Yaqob urge the clergy to do in remote areas?
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What action did the Estifanosites take to reintegrate into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church?
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What was the role of Abba Iyesus-Mo'a in the spread of Christianity in Ethiopia?
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Which of the following areas was not evangelized by Abune Tekle-Haymanot?
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What was the significance of the rise of Adal in the Muslim Sultanate?
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Which of the following regions was not evangelized by Bishop Yaqob?
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What was the significance of the establishment of the royal prison at Amba Gishen?
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Which of the following was not a factor in the spread of Christianity in Ethiopia?
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Study Notes
The Ewostatewos Movement
- Established by Abba Ewostatewos in Sara'e (present-day Eritrea) in the 13th century
- Emphasized the strict observance of Sabbath on Saturday
- Abba Ewostatewos fled to Egypt due to opposition, but his followers returned from Armenia and continued the movement
- Spread to Enfranz, northern Tigray, and Hamessen
- Led to the emergence of an anti-Ewostatewos group supported by the Abun and the monarch
The Estifanosites
- Founded by Abba Estifanos, born in Agame
- Emphasized poverty, absolute self-subsistence, equality, and independence from secular authorities
- Initially supported by Atse Takla Maryam but later clashed with Zara-Yaqob over royal power and spiritual matters
- Zara-Yaqob took harsh measures against the Estifanosites, but Naod was favorable to them
- The Estifanosites eventually reintegrated into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC) during Bishop Yeshaq's tenure
The Religious Reforms of Zara-Yaqob
- Emperor Zara-Yaqob (r. 1434-1468) aimed to stabilize and consolidate the Orthodox Church
- Assimilated pagan subjects into the Christian community and created a religiously homogeneous society
- Reforms included:
- Settling conflicts among the Ethiopian clergy to create a church-state union
- Reviving Sabbath in the Ethiopian church, leading to the Ewostatians receiving Holy orders from Ethiopian prelates
- Encouraging the clergy to preach Christianity in remote areas
- Ordering people to observe fasting on Wednesday and Friday and to get Father Confessors
- Abolishing pagan worship practices
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