Ethics of Stoicism and Cynicism Origins

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Questions and Answers

What is the central principle of Stoic philosophy related to ethical living?

Reason is considered the essential nature of humans. (correct)

Emotional expression is essential for virtue.

The universe operates on a universal law with exceptions.

Happiness comes from pleasure rather than virtue.

What does the Stoic maxim 'live according to nature' suggest?

Conform to one's emotional desires.

Reject any external influences on behavior.

Abide by the laws of the universe and one's own nature. (correct)

Pursue personal happiness at all costs.

How does Stoic philosophy view the nature of life?

Life is a result of personal choices without divine influence.

Life is a grand stage directed by a divine being. (correct)

Life should focus on maximizing pleasure and avoiding pain.

Life is a chaotic and unpredictable occurrence.

What is the Stoic concept of 'Oikeiōsis' primarily related to?

Self-preservation and orientation towards nature. Signup and view all the answers

According to Stoic philosophy, what is considered the only good necessary for happiness?

Moral virtue. Signup and view all the answers

What role do passions and emotions have in Stoic morality?

They are considered vices to be eliminated. Signup and view all the answers

What is required for wisdom according to Epictetus in Stoic philosophy?

Accepting and understanding one's role in life. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Stoic belief in Divine Providence entail?

Every event occurs for a reason. Signup and view all the answers

Who founded the school called Cynosarges?

Antisthenes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main assertion of Stoicism regarding happiness?

Happiness stems from wisdom and acceptance. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is recognized as the founder of Stoicism?

Zeno of Citium Signup and view all the answers

What does Epictetus emphasize in his teachings?

Control of one's reactions to circumstances Signup and view all the answers

How did Marcus Aurelius demonstrate Stoic virtues?

Through acts of kindness and moral integrity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ideas is associated with Stoicism?

Wisdom allows acceptance of uncontrollable events Signup and view all the answers

What critique did Cynicism provide that influenced Stoicism?

It criticized excessive desires and hedonism. Signup and view all the answers

Which Stoic philosopher is known as the 'Sage Slave'?

Epictetus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cynicism: The Origin of Stoic Philosophy

Founded by Antisthenes, a pupil of Socrates, influenced by Socratic lifestyle.
Established a school called Cynosarges (Silver Dog).
Cynicism criticized hedonism, setting the groundwork for Stoic thought.

Introduction to Stoicism

Like Epicureanism, Stoicism seeks happiness through wisdom, not pleasure.
True happiness arises from controlling what one can and accepting what one cannot.
Stoics revered Socrates for his courage in death and emotional composure.

The Stoic Philosophers

Zeno of Citium:
- Known as the founder of Stoicism; studied under Cynic philosopher Crates.
- A Phoenician who sought knowledge in Athens.
Epictetus:
- Born a slave, he embodied Stoic principles through personal adversity.
- Emphasized the importance of controlling reactions: "Bear and forbear."
- Advocated that true freedom derives from inner control and perspective.
Marcus Aurelius:
- Roman emperor known for facing personal and political challenges.
- Epitomized Stoic virtues through acts of kindness and mercy.
- His writings blend classical philosophy with profound spiritual insights.

The Philosophy of the Stoics

Central focus on ethical living influenced by universal laws without exceptions.
Essential human nature defined by reason—leading to the Stoic maxim: "Live according to nature."
This maxim entails abiding by universal laws and aligning actions with one's rational nature.

The Human Drama

Life likened to a divine stage production where each person plays a preordained role.
Wisdom stems from understanding and accepting one’s role in the universe's drama.
Stoics believe that moral virtue is the only true good, governed by Divine Providence.

The Stoic Morality

Oikeiōsis: A central concept linked to self-preservation and the nature of living beings.
Describes the natural impulse for self-preservation as fundamental to humanity.
Virtue is defined by rational living and acceptance of life’s events, aligning with Divine Providence.
Passions and emotions are regarded as vices to be overcome for rational dominance.

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Description

Explore the principles of Stoicism and its ethical implications in this insightful quiz. Delve into the origins of Stoicism from Cynicism, founded by Antisthenes. Understand how these philosophies shape our thinking and everyday life.