Ethics of Stoicism and Cynicism Origins

Study Notes

Like Epicureanism, Stoicism seeks happiness through wisdom, not pleasure.
True happiness arises from controlling what one can and accepting what one cannot.
Stoics revered Socrates for his courage in death and emotional composure.

Zeno of Citium:
- Known as the founder of Stoicism; studied under Cynic philosopher Crates.
- A Phoenician who sought knowledge in Athens.
Epictetus:
- Born a slave, he embodied Stoic principles through personal adversity.
- Emphasized the importance of controlling reactions: "Bear and forbear."
- Advocated that true freedom derives from inner control and perspective.
Marcus Aurelius:
- Roman emperor known for facing personal and political challenges.
- Epitomized Stoic virtues through acts of kindness and mercy.
- His writings blend classical philosophy with profound spiritual insights.

Central focus on ethical living influenced by universal laws without exceptions.
Essential human nature defined by reason—leading to the Stoic maxim: "Live according to nature."
This maxim entails abiding by universal laws and aligning actions with one's rational nature.

Life likened to a divine stage production where each person plays a preordained role.
Wisdom stems from understanding and accepting one’s role in the universe's drama.
Stoics believe that moral virtue is the only true good, governed by Divine Providence.

Oikeiōsis: A central concept linked to self-preservation and the nature of living beings.
Describes the natural impulse for self-preservation as fundamental to humanity.
Virtue is defined by rational living and acceptance of life’s events, aligning with Divine Providence.
Passions and emotions are regarded as vices to be overcome for rational dominance.