Ethics for the Information Age Chapter 9

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Questions and Answers

What are some common characteristics that define a profession?

High salaries only

Initial professional education (correct)

Public service commitment

Job security without requirements

Which attribute is NOT part of a mature profession?

Certification

Licensing

Mandatory job rotation (correct)

Professional development

How does the educational requirement for Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) compare to most computing professions?

CPAs require extensive formal education (correct)

Computing professions always require a bachelor's degree

Both require the same level of education

CPAs need no specific education at all

What is a common requirement for Certified Public Accountants to retain their certification?

Continuing education Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major distinctions regarding certification in computing professions?

Certification is rarely needed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a requirement in computing-related careers?

Certification or licensing Signup and view all the answers

What does the Software Engineering Code of Ethics aim to promote?

High standards of professional conduct Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major issues with Jean's conduct in his role at Acme?

He did not disclose a conflict of interest with his employer. Signup and view all the answers

Which action by whistle-blowers can lead to negative consequences for them?

Being rebuffed by their organization and reporting through unauthorized channels. Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence faced by Roger Boisjoly after he shared information about the Challenger disaster?

He took medical leave for stress and later quit. Signup and view all the answers

What did Morton Thiokol executives and NASA officials do in response to concerns about low-temperature launches?

They overrode and hid the concerns. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the potential effects on a whistle-blower as noted in the content?

Significant financial and emotional hardship. Signup and view all the answers

What should be ensured regarding documentation in software development?

Documentation should respect the privacy of affected individuals. Signup and view all the answers

How should software engineers handle confidential information?

They should ensure they know policies and procedures for its protection. Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as important in the context of financial practices?

Transparency in financial practices is vital. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if conflicts of interest arise?

They should be disclosed. Signup and view all the answers

What practice should be avoided when assigning work to employees?

Assigning work regardless of training. Signup and view all the answers

How should estimating project durations and costs be approached?

Estimates must be reasonable and realistic. Signup and view all the answers

What is stated regarding employees charged with misconduct?

They must be provided due process. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of maintaining data integrity?

Accurate and appropriately acquired data should be used. Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended regarding ethical concerns raised by employees?

Employees should be encouraged to express concerns. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary responsibility outlined in advancing the profession?

Support others who are following the Code Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you find errors in software and documentation?

Take responsibility for correcting and reporting them Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to support colleagues?

Claim their ideas as your own Signup and view all the answers

Why should professionals not deceive others about software characteristics?

It can lead to legal consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of violating the Code?

It reflects poorly on professional integrity Signup and view all the answers

What should be done about significant Code violations when there are no alternatives?

Report them to the appropriate authorities Signup and view all the answers

How can a professional demonstrate commitment to the Code?

By ensuring others are aware of it Signup and view all the answers

Which action aligns with the expectation of being fair to colleagues?

Providing constructive feedback objectively Signup and view all the answers

What is an appropriate response when a colleague is in conflict with the Code?

Bring in an expert for advice Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is vital to maintaining ethical conduct in software engineering?

Adhering to laws and ethical guidelines Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle emphasized in the analysis of the Code related to individual judgment?

Moral judgment is required even when actions are not explicitly forbidden. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is NOT included in the alternative, discipline-independent list of fundamental principles?

Maintain professional secrecy. Signup and view all the answers

In Clause 8.02, which ability is specifically targeted for improvement?

Create high-quality software. Signup and view all the answers

What does the analysis suggest about actions that are not explicitly mentioned as forbidden in the Code?

They may still be morally unacceptable. Signup and view all the answers

What ethical principle did Prof. Smith allegedly violate by not disclosing her financial interest?

Be impartial. Signup and view all the answers

Which fundamental principle encourages the sharing of knowledge and expertise?

Share your knowledge, expertise, and values. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ethical conduct, what does taking responsibility encompass?

Being accountable for your and your team's actions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would likely represent a violation of ethical principles in software engineering?

Offering biased recommendations due to personal gain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the statement 'Do not influence others to break the Code'?

Professional integrity should be maintained in interactions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of continually improving abilities aim to achieve?

Ensure that professionals remain competent in their field. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for software engineers to adhere to ethical principles?

To prevent causing harm to the public Signup and view all the answers

Which examination path is commonly associated with obtaining certification in engineering disciplines?

Gaining four years of work experience and passing the FE and PE exams Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the eight principles outlined for ethical relationships in software engineering?

Financial Performance Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant issue with Jean's approach to his role at Acme?

He prioritized his own interests over those of his employer. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence faced by whistle-blowers who report issues?

They might face retaliation from their employers. Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a vital aspect for those in computer-related careers regarding ethical decision-making?

Personal responsibility in ethical choices Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the actions taken by Morton Thiokol in response to concerns about the Challenger launch?

They ignored and concealed the engineers’ documented dangers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best reflects the urgency of software engineers' commitment to public interest?

It must be paramount regardless of the project scope Signup and view all the answers

What tragic event highlighted the critical responsibility of software engineers to prevent harm?

The Therac-25 incident resulting in injuries and fatalities Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Roger Boisjoly to share information regarding the Challenger disaster with the Presidential commission?

He wanted to expose potential dangers he had documented. Signup and view all the answers

What protection is outlined for whistle-blowers under the law?

They are shielded from retaliation by their employers. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Software Engineering Code of Ethics, how should the principles be perceived?

As a comprehensive whole Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before approving software for use?

Confirm that it is safe for users Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following responsibilities emphasizes fairness in professional statements?

Avoiding deception in all statements Signup and view all the answers

When should a professional refuse outside work?

If it is detrimental to the primary job Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as necessary for documentation in a project?

Documents must be approved before use Signup and view all the answers

What should be ensured to meet highest standards in software development?

Proper and achievable goals must be set Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is violated by using software obtained illegally?

Protecting intellectual property rights Signup and view all the answers

What does volunteering professional skills achieve?

Addresses public concerns through professional service Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary when facing ethical, economic, cultural, legal, and environmental issues?

Acknowledge all dimensions of issues Signup and view all the answers

Which practice should be avoided when managing project methodologies?

Applying outdated techniques Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary responsibility of a software engineer regarding errors in software and documentation?

Take responsibility for finding, correcting, and reporting errors Signup and view all the answers

How should software engineers respond if they are faced with significant Code violations?

Blow the whistle when no alternative exists for reporting Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the importance of encouraging colleagues to adhere to ethical conduct?

Encourage colleagues to adhere to this Code Signup and view all the answers

What is the expectation regarding professionals' interactions with organizations that conflict with their ethical Code?

Do not associate with businesses in conflict with the Code Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized regarding the promotion of self-interest within the profession?

Self-interest should not come at the expense of the profession, client, or employer Signup and view all the answers

Which action best represents an unethical practice in software engineering?

Deceiving others about software characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What approach should engineers take when reviewing the work of their colleagues?

Be objective and fair in assessments Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of professionals in sharing concerns about Code violations?

Share concerns with the people involved Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would hinder a supportive environment among colleagues?

Unfairly interfering with another’s career Signup and view all the answers

Which principle outlines the importance of committing to the ethical Code?

Ensure others understand commitment to the Code Signup and view all the answers

What action should Joe Green take after discovering child pornography on Chuck Dennis's computer?

Report the discovery to the authorities. Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle did Joe violate by opening files he was not authorized to access?

Respecting the rights of others Signup and view all the answers

What should Tim Smart have considered before launching his anti-worm?

The ethical implications of using the same security hole. Signup and view all the answers

Which clause relates to the misuse of a company PC by someone else?

Clause 2.03 Signup and view all the answers

What might have influenced Chuck Dennis’s situation with the files on his computer?

Someone else could have planted the files. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary issue with Professor Smith's failure to disclose her conflict of interest?

It compromised her integrity and the trust placed in her. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the importance of treating others justly?

Respect the rights of others Signup and view all the answers

In the context of uncovering illegal activities, what is an essential quality Joe should maintain?

Discretion Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Tim Smart's decision to release the anti-worm?

It created chaos among system administrators worldwide. Signup and view all the answers

What does Joe Green's situation exemplify regarding ethical responsibilities in the workplace?

Ethical dilemmas require careful consideration of multiple factors. Signup and view all the answers

What was one potential reason behind the actions of Ruth Goodearl as a whistle-blower?

Motive to assist the public Signup and view all the answers

What legal framework did Goodearl and Aldred rely on to sue Hughes Aircraft?

False Claims Act Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a consequence of whistle-blowing for the whistle-blower?

Public recognition Signup and view all the answers

According to Richard DeGeorge, which condition must be met to justify whistle-blowing?

Serious harm to the public must be at stake Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of the corporate response to whistle-blowing mentioned in the content?

It takes an overly legalistic view of public harm Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ensuring the accuracy of information provided to potential employees?

Giving full and accurate information about company standards Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices can lead to conflicts of interest?

Participating in decisions where personal gains may apply Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason computer professionals must act according to ethical principles?

Their actions can potentially cause harm to the public. Signup and view all the answers

Which practice must be avoided in establishing appropriate work assignments for employees?

Assigning roles based on personal bias Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is one of the eight principles identified for ethically responsible relationships in software engineering?

Public Trust Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of maintaining the same standards for software maintenance as for software development?

It ensures continuous quality and accountability Signup and view all the answers

Which examination is part of the typical path to certification in engineering disciplines?

Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam Signup and view all the answers

In the context of promoting effective project management, which action is considered unethical?

Punishing team members for raising ethical concerns Signup and view all the answers

Which principle underlines the need for documentation in the software development process?

To ensure transparency and support privacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the statement that the Code should be seen as a whole?

Together, the principles form a cohesive ethical framework. Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect of software engineering is highlighted by the Therac-25 incident?

The gravity of accountability in engineering. Signup and view all the answers

What should be prioritized to ensure realistic estimates in project management?

Incorporating reliable data and team assessments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the primary focus of the Software Engineering Code of Ethics?

Ensuring concern for public interest and welfare. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is critical for maintaining data integrity within software projects?

Ensuring data is appropriately acquired and accurate Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is associated with the certification and licensing of software engineers?

Low participation in certification examinations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is essential when evaluating software or related documents?

Remaining objective and unbiased Signup and view all the answers

What action is explicitly discouraged in the Code regarding influences on others?

Do not influence others to break the Code Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the importance of maintaining integrity in professional conduct?

Maintain your integrity Signup and view all the answers

What does the analysis of the Code suggest about actions not explicitly forbidden?

They may still be morally questionable Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is considered unethical concerning financial interests and recommendations?

Failing to disclose a financial interest in a recommended product Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of continually improving abilities as stated in the Code?

Improving ability to create high quality software Signup and view all the answers

Which principle encourages taking responsibility for one’s actions within a professional setting?

Take responsibility for your actions and inactions Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ethical principles, what does the statement 'Do not treat others unfairly because of prejudices' underscore?

Advocating for equality in opportunities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a common misconception regarding the Code's application?

The Code provides absolute answers to ethical dilemmas Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a key aspect of the professional conduct demonstrated by Sam Shaw?

Offering unbiased recommendations based on merit Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following essential principles was violated by Prof. Smith in her recommendations?

Disclose information that others ought to know Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary issue with Jean's failure to disclose his conflict of interest with East Dakota?

It demonstrated a disregard for Acme’s operational integrity. Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Jean's actions impact his relationship with Acme’s management?

It likely led to questions regarding his loyalty and commitment. Signup and view all the answers

What were the potential legal protections available to whistle-blowers?

False Claims Act and Whistleblower Protection Act Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence faced by Roger Boisjoly after disclosing information about the Challenger launch risks?

He experienced stress leading to a medical leave and later resignation. Signup and view all the answers

How did Morton Thiokol executives respond to Roger Boisjoly's documented concerns?

They ignored the concerns and continued with the launch. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant issue that could arise from whistle-blowing?

Financial and emotional hardship due to retaliation Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about Jean's development of materials in relation to Acme's package?

It helped him become more familiar with the product. Signup and view all the answers

What can be deduced about the consequences of a whistle-blower being rebuffed by their organization?

They might resort to unauthorized disclosures. Signup and view all the answers

What principle is primarily violated when an employee puts their own interests above those of their employer?

Duty of loyalty Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the Challenger explosion regarding engineering ethics?

It highlighted the critical need for engineers to voice safety concerns. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 9: Professional Ethics

Chapter 9 of "Ethics for the Information Age" discusses professional ethics in computing.
It includes learning objectives, including an introduction, a look at the development of computing professions, a code of ethics analysis, case studies and whistle-blowing.
A profession, informally, requires a high level of education and practical experience. Professionals are well-compensated and expected to correctly assess and treat problems, acting in the best interest of their clients.

9.1 Introduction

Profession informally defined as a vocation requiring high education and experience.
Professionals are well-compensated and expected to act in the best interests of their clients, and correctly assess and treat problems.
Examples of professions include doctors and lawyers.
Professions often have standards to adhere to, such as codes of ethics.

9.2 How Well Developed Are The Computing Professions?

This section explores the attributes of a mature profession.
Characteristics of a profession: initial professional education, accreditation, skills development, certification, licensing, professional development.
Characteristics include a code of ethics and a professional society.
A mature profession has eight defining attributes.

9.3 Software Engineering Code of Ethics

This section details a preamble highlighting the potential for doing good or harm.
The code emphasizes a commitment to doing good. Key ethical relationships and obligations are identified in eight principles.
The code should be seen as a whole. A paramount concern for the public interest.

9.4 Analysis of the Code

This section analyses the preamble.
It stresses the presence of no mechanical process for determining right from wrong.
It also discusses avoiding an overly legalistic view of the code, and the importance of judgment.
The code reflects principles drawn from multiple ethical theories.

9.5 Case Studies

Specific cases are presented for analysis.
Sam Shaw seeks advice on LAN security from Professor Smith, who has financial interests in a company producing top-ranked packages.
The analysis questions if any wrong actions were committed. Key principles of being impartial, disclosing info, and maintaining integrity are discussed.
Additional case studies involve scenarios with child pornography, anti-worm, and a consulting opportunity.

9.6 Whistle-blowing

This section explores the concept of whistle-blowing.
Whistle-blowers try to report harmful situations using authorized channels, even if the channels aren't successful.
Whistle-blowers who've made disclosures through unauthorized channels face potential consequences, including loss of jobs, advancement and financial hardship and emotional strain. The False Claims Act and the Whistleblower Protection Act are mentioned.
The challenger explosion case and cases of Morton Thiokol / NASA and Hughes Aircraft are discussed. The important motives of whistle-blowers are mentioned, with positive and negative motives. Corporate response and whistle-blowing failures in organizations are analyzed. Questions about whistle-blowing as a moral duty, inclusive or exclusive responsibilities, and the considerations of those with responsibilities are addressed.

Supplementary Information

Many cases exemplify how computer professionals can face dilemmas where ethical considerations are paramount.
The implications of these types of ethical decisions can have major consequences.

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Description

Dive into Chapter 9 of 'Ethics for the Information Age' focusing on professional ethics in computing. This chapter discusses the development of computing professions, the significance of a code of ethics, and includes relevant case studies and whistle-blowing scenarios. Explore the responsibilities and standards that shape the professional landscape in the computing field.