Ethanol and Phenobarbital Interaction: Effects on Metabolism

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What percentage of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach?

40%

30%

20% (correct)

10%

Which organ is responsible for metabolizing about 90% of the alcohol in the body?

Liver (correct)

Pancreas

Lungs

Kidneys

What is the primary toxic compound yielded from alcohol metabolism by colon bacterial ADH?

Ethanol

Formaldehyde

Methanol

Acetaldehyde (correct)

Which system is important for breaking down large amounts of alcohol?

Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main compound that is excreted into the urine after alcohol metabolism?

Ethanol Signup and view all the answers

What represents 1 unit for clinical purposes in terms of pure alcohol content?

8g Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of peroxidation caused by free radical release in the liver?

Phospholipids Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the transient hyperglycemia observed after ethanol consumption with a meal?

Inhibition of glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the liver after ethanol consumption?

Diminished secretion of serum proteins Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the formation of acetaldehyde adducts in chronic ethanol consumption?

Covalently binds to proteins and lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the increased NADH/NAD+ ratio on FA metabolism?

Inhibition of FA oxidation and accumulation of TAGs in the liver Signup and view all the answers

How does ethanol-induced hyperlipidemia occur?

Through the incorporation of TAGs into VLDLs Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of ethanol metabolism on ketone body production?

Increased ketone body production Signup and view all the answers

How does ethanol affect gluconeogenesis in fasting individuals?

Increases the levels of lactate and alanine for gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to OAA levels in the TCA cycle due to ethanol metabolism?

OAA levels become too low for citrate synthase activity Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in lactate affect blood glucose levels during fasting with ethanol consumption?

It contributes to maintaining blood glucose through gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme family is primarily responsible for the metabolism of ethanol in the liver?

Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme has a higher affinity for acetaldehyde and is very specific in its action?

Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred antidote for overdoses of methanol or ethylene glycol?

Fomepizole Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for generating toxic acetaldehyde, particularly in the liver?

Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with an allelic variant of which enzyme have a greatly decreased capacity for acetaldehyde metabolism?

Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Signup and view all the answers

Chronic consumption of ethanol can lead to an increase in which enzyme levels by 5-10 fold?

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) Signup and view all the answers

How does disulfiram deter the consumption of alcohol in a chronic alcoholic patient?

By blocking the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate which causes the accumulation of acetaldehyde Signup and view all the answers

What effect does disulfiram have on the metabolism of ethanol in the body?

It accelerates the metabolism of ethanol to acetate Signup and view all the answers

What role does the inhibition of ketogenesis play in the mechanism of disulfiram?

It has no impact on ketone levels in the body Signup and view all the answers

How does disulfiram affect the balance between NAD and NADH?

It increases NAD levels while reducing NADH levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of activating FAO in the presence of disulfiram?

Increased lactic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic process is most affected by disulfiram in a chronic alcoholic?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers