Ethanol Metabolism and Inhibitors

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What is the primary mechanism of ethanol metabolism in humans?

Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO)

Cytochrome P450 2D6

Microsomal mixed function oxidase (MEOS) CYP2E1

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) (correct)

What is the effect of high ethanol concentrations on the ADH pathway?

It activates the FMO pathway

It increases the activity of the MEOS pathway

It inhibits the activity of ALDH

It saturates the ADH pathway and depletes NAD+ stores (correct)

What is the mechanism of acetaminophen toxicity in chronic alcohol users?

Increased production of glutathione

Formation of NAPQI and depletion of glutathione (correct)

Inhibition of ALDH activity

Induction of Cytochrome P450 2D6

Which of the following drugs can inhibit ALDH activity and cause 'Disulfiram-like effects' when taken with alcohol?

Cephalosporins and griseofulvin Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of chronic alcohol use on the MEOS pathway?

It induces the activity of the MEOS pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acute alcohol use on the metabolism of other drugs?

It inhibits the metabolism of other drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glutathione in the mechanism of acetaminophen toxicity?

It inactivates reactive oxygen species (ROS) Signup and view all the answers

Why are people with AUD who are abstinent resistant to drugs like barbiturates?

Because they have induced the activity of CYP2E1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Baclofen in multiple sclerosis?

GABA B agonist Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of chronic ethanol consumption on the cardiovascular system?

Increased risk of cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Baclofen on afferent terminals?

Hyperpolarization Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical use of Varenicline?

Smoking cessation therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethanol on the gastrointestinal tract?

It stimulates acid secretion and can produce corrosive gastritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Varenicline on nicotine binding?

Decreases nicotine binding Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between ethanol consumption and HDL/LDL ratio?

Moderate consumption may increase the HDL/LDL ratio, but this is controversial Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Ethanol on blood vessels?

Causes vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of acute ethanol use on the cardiovascular system?

Increased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acetaldehyde on smooth muscle?

Causes smooth muscle relaxation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethanol on the epithelial barrier of the intestines?

It affects the epithelial barrier of the small and large intestines Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of chronic ethanol consumption on the liver?

Increased risk of hepatic disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Ethanol on the CNS vasomotor center?

Excites the CNS vasomotor center Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Varenicline on alcohol use disorder?

Decreases heavy drinking days Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethanol on the autonomic nervous system?

It affects the autonomic nervous system, contributing to hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of ethanol consumption on the esophagus?

Increased risk of esophageal cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is a basis of many pharmacokinetic drug interactions with ethanol?

Saturation of enzyme activity and/or decreased hepatic blood flow Signup and view all the answers

How does ethanol interact with proteins in the body?

It can occupy water pockets in many proteins and has many targets Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethanol on respiratory centers in the brain?

It decreases the response to high CO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethanol on GABAA receptors in the CNS?

It potentiates GABAA receptors Signup and view all the answers

Why may acutely intoxicated people require less sedation?

Because ethanol potentiates GABAA receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethanol on seizure threshold?

It reduces seizure threshold Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethanol on pain perception?

It increases pain sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethanol on membrane fluidity?

It manipulates membrane fluidity at high concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of acamprosate in reducing heavy drinking and promoting abstinence?

Suppressing relapse through the action of Ca+2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of ondansetron?

Combating breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acamprosate on GABA receptors?

It agonizes GABA receptor signaling Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the receptor targeted by ondansetron?

5-HT3 receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of topiramate on Na channels?

It blocks voltage-dependent Na channels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of topiramate?

Treating epilepsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the gene associated with the effectiveness of naltrexone in promoting abstinence?

OPRM1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acamprosate on glutamatergic transmission?

It antagonizes glutamatergic transmission through NMDA receptors Signup and view all the answers