Equine Infectious Anemia Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the test commonly used to diagnose Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)?

Coggins (correct)

PCR

Western Blot

ELISA

Which type of cell is primarily targeted by the Equine Infectious Anemia virus?

Lymphocytes

Erythrocytes

Neutrophils

Macrophages (correct)

Which of the following clinical signs is LEAST likely to be observed in a horse with acute EIA?

Anorexia

Weight loss

Muscle tremors (correct)

Ventral edema

Which of the following is NOT a common means of transmission for Equine Infectious Anemia?

Contaminated feed (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard test for diagnosing Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)?

AGID (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most consistent early abnormality observed in horses with Equine Infectious Anemia?

Thrombocytopenia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Equine Infectious Anemia is caused by a type of:

Virus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum temperature that a horse with acute Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is likely to have?

104°F (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is Anaplasma classified as?

Obligate intracellular bacteria (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which species of ticks is responsible for Anaplasma transmission in the Eastern USA?

Ixodes scapularis (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cells does Anaplasma replicate?

Eukaryotic cell cytoplasm (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is indicated to transmit Theileria equi?

Haemaphysalis longicornis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of Anaplasma bacteria?

Coccoid to ellipsoidal (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is NOT commonly used for Strangles?

Chloramphenicol (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi that contributes to its virulence?

Polysaccharide capsule (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which prevention measure is typically recommended for controlling the spread of Strangles?

Strict biosecurity and isolation measures (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is NOT commonly associated with Strangles?

Severe diarrhea (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the recurrence of CL is accurate?

CL is not classified as a curable disease. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential mode of transmission for Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)?

Fecal-oral route (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical sign associated with Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) infection in cattle?

Lymphosarcoma (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Babesia and Theileria infections in Louisiana cattle compared to dogs?

The species of Babesia and Theileria involved. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommendation for managing a horse that tests positive for EIA?

Euthanasia or lifelong quarantine (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) infection in cattle?

BLV is a highly contagious virus with a low mortality rate. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common clinical presentation of Glomerulonephritis/Vasculitis in horses?

Acute or subacute illness (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for diagnosing Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) infection in cattle without clinical signs?

Antibody testing (AGID or ELISA) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that sets Glomerulonephritis/Vasculitis in horses apart from other equine infectious diseases?

Presence of antibody-antigen complexes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which tick species is associated with Babesia bovis in cattle?

Rhipicephalus annulatus (A), Rhipicephalus microplus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus in dogs?

Canine babesiosis caused by B. gibsoni (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for infections caused by Babesia species?

Diminazene aceturate and Imidocarb (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is primarily affected by Babesia caballi?

Equids (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species is NOT associated with equine piroplasmosis?

Babesia vulpes (B), Babesia bigemina (C) Signup and view all the answers

Babesia species can primarily be transmitted through what type of organism?

Ticks (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tick species is related to the transmission of Theileria orientalis?

Rhipicephalus microplus (A), Rhipicephalus annulatus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common host for Rhipicephalus microplus?

Cattle (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells does Anaplasma phagocytophilum infect?

Neutrophils and eosinophils (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is associated with Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle?

Extra-vascular hemolytic anemia (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is recommended for the treatment of Anaplasma infections?

Tetracyclines (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main virulence factor of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis responsible for promoting infection persistence?

Lipid coating (D) Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with caseous lymphadenitis in goats and sheep?

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method provides a definitive diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis?

Bacterial culture of pus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the clinical signs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in horses?

Stiff gait (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis primarily enter the body?

Through wounds or mucous membranes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What condition results in pale mucous membranes as a clinical sign?

Anaplasma marginale infection (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical signs are generally milder in younger animals infected with Anaplasma?

Pale mucous membranes and lethargy (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

LA Infectious Diseases of Hemolymphatics

Infectious agents affecting the hemolymphatic system are discussed. Learning objectives include describing organism types, transmission methods, clinical significance, treatments, and reportability.
Key infectious agents include Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), Anaplasma, Piroplasma (Babesia/Theilaria), Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (Strangles).

Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)

EIA is caused by a retrovirus.
EIA has a simple RNA genome of 8 kb.
Retrovirus characteristics include gag, pol, env genes.
Macrophage/monocyte cell lines are affected.
Systemic effects arise from cytokine secretion.
EIA is reportable.

Coggins Test

A Coggins test is required for sale/movement of horses in the US.
The test is performed yearly by a USDA Category II-accredited veterinarian.
The Coggins test is used to detect antibodies.
AGID (Agar Gel Immunodiffusion) is the gold standard for testing EIA antibodies,
The test will shows precipitation lines between test sample/antiserum and EIA antigen.
Prevalence of this disease is low in the US, particularly in the Gulf Coast region.

Infection Transfer

Infection can happen through insect vectors, such as flies and mosquitoes.
Iatrogenic transmission is also possible through needles, surgical instruments, dental floats, and bits.

Clinical signs of Acute EIA

Sudden, high fever (104-108°F).
Anorexia and depression.
Weight loss.
Petechiae (indicates thrombocytopenia).
Jaundice (signifies hemolytic anemia).
Ventral edema.

EIA Abnormalities

Thrombocytopenia is an early and consistent abnormality.
The disease encompasses intravascular and extravascular hemolysis, additionally affecting erythropoiesis.
Glomerulonephritis/vasculitis is caused by antibody/antigen complexes.

EIA: Cyclical Alterations

Acute/subacute form is the most common type.
Chronic disease includes periods of illness followed by remission and potentially recurrence.
Inapparent carriers show no clinical signs.

Managing Positive EIA Horses

A positive test indicates a lifelong infection.
Quarantining affected horses along with those within a 200 yard radius is a common practice.
Euthanasia or permanent quarantine may be necessary.

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)

BLV belongs to the Deltaretrovirus genus and Retroviridae family.
BLV is characterized by lifelong infection and a blood-borne nature, infecting lymphocytes.
BLV progression can follow distinct stages, as seen in the diagram.

BLV Disease Progression

Healthy B-cells can be infected.
Aleukemic occurs; this phase is characterized by absence of leukemic cells in blood.
Persistent lymphocytosis: marked increase in the lymphocytes in the blood is noted.
Tumors are sometimes seen.

BLV Significance

BLV has high prevalence in the US, especially in dairy herds with some occurrences in beef herds.
Carcasses of affected animals are condemned.
BLV is associated with a significant portion of condemned carcasses.

BLV Testing

Antibody testing (AGID or ELISA) is employed for animals with no observed signs of the disease.
Lymph node sampling is necessary for clinical cases.
These types of tests are reportable.

BLV Transmission

Blood-borne/fluids are important for disease transmission.
BLV can be transmitted via milk, in utero (in about 1/20 cases), nasal secretions, and insects.
Iatrogenic spread is possible when needles aren't properly disinfected.

Babesia and Theileria in LA

These are tick-transmitted protozoa.
These disease-causing organisms also manifest differently in cattle and other animals.
Specifically, these protozoa differ in their behavior and presentation in these animals compared to other species like dogs.

Anaplasma

Anaplasma is obligate intracellular bacteria.
Organisms exhibit a coccoid to ellipsoidal shape.
They reside/replicate in vacuoles within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

Anaplasma Transmission

Ixodid ticks of specific types are responsible for transmission.
Certain species of ticks found in the eastern, western USA and other areas can lead to infection.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum - Horses

This pathogen infects neutrophils and eosinophils, forming colonies termed “morulae”.
Clinical signs includes fever, lethargy/inappetence, limb edema, icterus, ataxia, and stiff gait.
Clinical signs in adults tend to be more severe than in younger horses.

Anaplasma marginale

Affecting erythrocytes.
Can cause extra-vascular hemolytic anemia.
Clinical signs are often significant, including fever, pale mucous membranes, lethargy, icterus, gastrointestinal issues, significant weight loss, decreased milk production, abortion, and eventual death.
Affected younger animals tend to exhibit milder signs.

Anaplasma Testing and Treatment

Testing methods include blood smears (for intracellular organisms), antibody tests, and PCR.
Tetracyclines are an antibiotic treatment option
This pathogen is a reportable disease in LA

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

A gram-positive, facultative intracellular coccobacillus.
Primarily found in goats and sheep, also affecting horses.
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is frequently reported in goats and sheep whereas Pigeon fever is associated with the same disease in horses.

CL Pathogenesis

Entry points for this pathogen are through wounds and mucous membranes.
Virulence factors include an exotoxin (phospholipase D) which damages endothelium and promotes spread, and a lipid coating offering protection from digestion, which contributes to sustained persistence of infection in cells.

CL Clinical Signs

Abscess formation (both internal and external) is a characteristic.
Progressive weight loss is another critical clinical symptom.
Lymphangitis can also be a present clinical sign.

CL Diagnosis

Suspected cases are often initially diagnosed using Lymph Node (LN) aspiration and serology.
Definitive diagnosis is confirmed using pus bacterial cultures. Other possible abscess-causing bacteria are also identified in this process.

CL Treatment Options

Treatment options for CL range from culling afflicted animals, surgery to lance/drain abscesses and lavage procedures or LN resection, to administration of long-term penicillins combined with rifampin, or topical or systemic tulathromycin.

CL Prevention

Biosecurity and isolation measures are crucial in CL prevention.
Ideally, affected animals should be culled.
If culling isn't possible, implementing separation from unaffected animals is vital.
Vaccinations are an option for inclusion in control measures, although they may not fully prevent infection.

Streptococcus equi ssp. Equi (aka Strangles)

Gram-positive, beta-hemolytic bacteria.
Key traits include M-protein that resists phagocytosis and facilitates immunogenicity, and a polysaccharide capsule crucial in attachment and evasion of phagocytosis.

Strangles

A highly infectious disease in horses showing clinical signs such as fever, nasal discharge, regional lymph node swelling, pain in parotid region, stertor or stridor, coughing, and dyspnea.

Strangles Treatment

Surgical procedures such as lancing and draining abscesses is part of many treatment protocols and in some instances the horse might require a tracheostomy procedure.
Antimicrobials, like penicillins and ceftiofur, are essential components of the treatment regimen. TMS/rifampin are also included in many treatment plans.

Metastatic Strangles (aka Bastard Strangles)

A form of strangles that displays signs of infection in areas beyond the initial site.

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Description

Test your knowledge of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) with this quiz, covering diagnosis, symptoms, and transmission. Questions include the gold standard tests and the cells targeted by the virus. Perfect for veterinary students and equine health professionals.