Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the causative agent of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis?
What is the causative agent of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis?
What is the primary method of preventing contagious equine metritis in stallions?
What is the primary method of preventing contagious equine metritis in stallions?
Which animal is the primary vector for the spread of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis?
Which animal is the primary vector for the spread of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis?
What is a common misconception regarding the treatment of deworming in horses?
What is a common misconception regarding the treatment of deworming in horses?
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What percentage of horses is likely to die from Eastern equine encephalomyelitis once clinical signs appear?
What percentage of horses is likely to die from Eastern equine encephalomyelitis once clinical signs appear?
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What is the main reason horse owners may delay seeking care for their horses?
What is the main reason horse owners may delay seeking care for their horses?
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Which statement about West Nile Virus is accurate?
Which statement about West Nile Virus is accurate?
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What is a significant factor contributing to antihelminthic resistance in horses?
What is a significant factor contributing to antihelminthic resistance in horses?
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What is a key characteristic of orthopedic diseases?
What is a key characteristic of orthopedic diseases?
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Which factor is often linked to the development of cardiac conditions?
Which factor is often linked to the development of cardiac conditions?
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Which treatment is commonly used for valvular heart disease?
Which treatment is commonly used for valvular heart disease?
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What can be a consequence of untreated dental disease?
What can be a consequence of untreated dental disease?
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What is an essential component of end-of-life care for pets?
What is an essential component of end-of-life care for pets?
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Which diagnostic tool is NOT typically used for cardiac conditions?
Which diagnostic tool is NOT typically used for cardiac conditions?
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What is a common side effect of treatments for valvular heart disease?
What is a common side effect of treatments for valvular heart disease?
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What primarily characterizes the approach to managing veterinary diseases?
What primarily characterizes the approach to managing veterinary diseases?
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What is the incubation period for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) before clinical signs appear?
What is the incubation period for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) before clinical signs appear?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the virus causing West Nile Virus?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the virus causing West Nile Virus?
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Which factor contributes to the spread of contagious equine metritis?
Which factor contributes to the spread of contagious equine metritis?
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What is the purpose of a fecal egg count in deworming protocols for horses?
What is the purpose of a fecal egg count in deworming protocols for horses?
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How often should horses be vaccinated against Eastern equine encephalomyelitis?
How often should horses be vaccinated against Eastern equine encephalomyelitis?
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Which animal is a known vector for the transmission of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)?
Which animal is a known vector for the transmission of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)?
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What is a potential consequence of antihelminthic resistance in horses?
What is a potential consequence of antihelminthic resistance in horses?
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What is a common view held by many horse owners regarding their horses?
What is a common view held by many horse owners regarding their horses?
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What is the primary role of a veterinarian in end-of-life care?
What is the primary role of a veterinarian in end-of-life care?
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Which treatment is commonly used to manage valvular heart disease?
Which treatment is commonly used to manage valvular heart disease?
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What is a common consequence of untreated dental disease in pets?
What is a common consequence of untreated dental disease in pets?
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What diagnostic method is primarily used for cardiac conditions?
What diagnostic method is primarily used for cardiac conditions?
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Which factor is NOT considered to influence the development of metabolic diseases in pets?
Which factor is NOT considered to influence the development of metabolic diseases in pets?
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Which common side effect is associated with the treatment for valvular heart disease?
Which common side effect is associated with the treatment for valvular heart disease?
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Why is dental disease in pets described as multifactorial?
Why is dental disease in pets described as multifactorial?
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What can be a key component of successful management for pets with valvular heart disease?
What can be a key component of successful management for pets with valvular heart disease?
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Study Notes
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE)
- Uncommon but often fatal, causes brain inflammation.
- Incubation period of 2-3 weeks followed by 2-3 days of clinical signs.
- 90% of horses die.
- Severe neurological signs are a primary symptom.
- Confirmation of EEE is through IgM antibodies to the virus.
- A vaccine is available and requires an annual booster.
- Can be zoonotic.
- Mosquito-borne virus: RNA, enveloped.
Contagious Equine Metritis
- Bacterial infection of the uterus caused by Taylorella equigenitalis.
- Gram-negative bacteria.
- Spread by sexual contact, clinical signs appear ~10 days after breeding.
- Can be symptomatic or asymptomatic.
- Causes abortion and uterine inflammation.
- Active infections in mares can be cleared with antibiotics.
- Stallions should be cleaned with 4% chlorhexidine prior to breeding.
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
- Caused by Sarcocystis neurona.
- Spread by opossums, cats, skunks, and raccoons.
West Nile Virus
- Mosquito-borne RNA, enveloped virus that infects and kills birds.
- Causes neurological signs and sometimes fever but can be asymptomatic.
- Zoonotic, but only causes disease in ~20% of infected humans.
- There is no treatment for West Nile Virus, but an effective vaccine exists.
- Cases are on the rise.
Deworming
- Misinformed owners are a key contributor to antihelminthic resistance.
- Misinformation includes: alternating dewormers, deworming too often, and maintaining unhygienic conditions.
- Solutions include: fecal egg count, deworming according to parasite present, and maintaining a clean environment.
Horse Owners
- Horse owners often do not view their horses as companions or pets.
- Horses are primarily seen as athletes, workers, or livestock.
- Horses do not always receive immediate care for illness or injury.
- Willingness to pay for treatment can be an issue due to the lack of value placed on horses.
- Limitations to care and treatment are a result of these factors.
- Lots of misinformation exists about horse care.
Companion Animals
- Companion animals live longer due to their association with humans.
- Their health is affected by their bond with humans.
Dogs and Cats
- Dogs and cats experience a variety of non-infectious conditions because of their human companions:
- Orthopedic disease
- Metabolic disease
- Neurological Conditions
- Cancer
- Cardiac conditions
- Gastrointestinal conditions
- Auto-immune and allergy-related conditions.
Case Study: Coco
- 17-year-old, female, long-haired chihuahua.
- Valvular heart disease.
- Dental issues.
- Cataracts.
- “Old dog lung”
- The case of Coco highlighted the interconnectedness of various systems within the body.
Disease is Multifactorial
- Genetics play a key role in disease prevalence.
- Diet (taurine deficiency in dilated cardiomyopathy).
- Prior or concurrent health conditions.
- Exercise.
Valvular Heart Disease
- A prevalent condition in both dogs and cats.
- Can be asymptomatic or cause varying levels of clinical signs.
- Diagnostics include: radiograph, EKG, echocardiogram (ultrasound).
- Treatments include: furosemide (a diuretic) and pimobendan (increases cardiac output).
- Care requires careful monitoring and commitment from the owner.
Dental Disease
- Multifactorial in origin.
- Results in gum disease and tooth loss.
- Can cause difficulty eating, local and systemic infection, and weight loss.
- Treatment options include: dental cleaning under anesthesia, tooth extractions.
- Antibiotics are no longer typically used.
- Preventative oral health care is crucial.
End of Life Care
- A veterinarian's primary responsibility is to protect animal welfare.
- Providing a "good death" through euthanasia is a critical component of end of life care.
Resources for End of Life Care
- The AVMA journals have articles about veterinary ethics and euthanasia guidelines.
- The MDPI has a comprehensive resource on animal welfare and euthanasia best practices.
- The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association has a position statement on euthanasia, outlining ethical considerations and guidelines.
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE)
- Uncommon but often fatal, causing brain inflammation
- Incubation period is 2-3 weeks, followed by 2-3 days of clinical signs
- 90% of horses die
- Severe neurological signs are present
- Confirmed by IgM antibodies to the virus
- Vaccine available (requires annual booster)
- Zoonotic disease
- Transmitted by mosquitoes: RNA, enveloped virus
Contagious Equine Metritis
- Bacterial infection of the uterus (Taylorella equigenitalis)
- Gram-negative bacteria
- Spread by sexual contact
- Clinical signs appear ~10 days after breeding
- Can be symptomatic or asymptomatic
- Causes abortion and uterine inflammation
- Active infections in mares cleared up by antibiotics
- Stallions should be cleaned with 4% chlorhexidine prior to breeding
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
- Caused by Sarcocystis neurona
- Spread by opossums, cats, skunks, and raccoons
West Nile Virus
- Mosquito-borne RNA enveloped virus that infects and kills birds
- Causes neurological signs and sometimes fever
- Can be asymptomatic
- Zoonotic but only causes disease in ~20%
- No specific treatment, but an effective vaccine exists
- Cases on the rise
Deworming: Antihelminthic Resistance
- Misinformed owners may alternate dewormers, deworm too often, and maintain unhygienic conditions
- Solution: fecal egg count, deworm based on parasite present, maintain clean environment
Horse Owner Choices
- Horse owners do not always see their horses as companions or pets: athletes, workers, livestock
- Horses do not always receive immediate care for illness or injury
- Willingness to pay is an issue in many cases due to lack of perceived value placed on horses
- Limitations to care and treatment
- Misinformation prevalent
Companion Animals
- Live longer and their health is affected by association with humans
Dogs and Cats: Non-Infectious Conditions
- Experience a variety of non-infectious conditions due to human interaction, including:
- Orthopedic disease
- Metabolic disease
- Neurological conditions
- Cancer
- Cardiac conditions
- Gastrointestinal conditions
- Auto-immune and allergy-related conditions
Coco: A Case Study
- 17-year-old female longhair chihuahua
- Valvular heart disease
- Dental issues
- Cataracts
- "Old dog lung"
Disease is Multifactorial
- Genetics
- Diet (taurine deficiency in dilated cardiomyopathy)
- Prior or concurrent health conditions
- Exercise
Valvular Heart Disease
- Multifactorial
- Affects many systems in the body
- Can lead to heart failure
Valvular Heart Disease: Diagnostics
- Radiograph
- EKG
- Echocardiogram (ultrasound)
Valvular Heart Disease: Treatments
- Furosemide (a diuretic)
- Pimobendan (increases cardiac output)
- Requires careful monitoring and commitment by the owner
- Side effects can be problematic
Dental Disease
- Multifactorial
- Results in gum disease and tooth loss
- Difficulty eating
- Local and systemic infection
- Weight loss
Dental Disease: Treatment
- Dental cleaning under general anesthesia by a licensed veterinarian
- Tooth extractions
- No longer treated with antibiotics
- Preventative oral health care
End of Life Care
- A veterinarian's foremost job is to protect animal welfare, including providing a "good death" (euthanasia)
Announcements
- Revised syllabus available on eClass
- Ensure you are receiving eClass announcements
- No quiz this week
- Next quiz opens October 17th
- Midterm 1 grades expected Friday
- Dr. Craig Wilkinson lecturing Friday on animal use in research
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Description
This quiz covers various equine infectious diseases, including Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis, Contagious Equine Metritis, and Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis. Understand the causes, symptoms, transmission, and available treatments for these conditions affecting horses. Test your knowledge on prevention and management of these serious illnesses.
