Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE)?
What is the primary cause of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE)?
Which symptom is most critical to identify EEE in horses?
Which symptom is most critical to identify EEE in horses?
What type of bacteria causes contagious equine metritis?
What type of bacteria causes contagious equine metritis?
How is Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) primarily spread?
How is Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) primarily spread?
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What is the primary concern regarding horse owner attitudes towards horse veterinary care?
What is the primary concern regarding horse owner attitudes towards horse veterinary care?
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Which statement is true about the vaccination for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis?
Which statement is true about the vaccination for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis?
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What is a common misconception about deworming horses?
What is a common misconception about deworming horses?
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What percentage of horses infected with West Nile Virus show symptoms?
What percentage of horses infected with West Nile Virus show symptoms?
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What is a major contributing factor to the development of dilated cardiomyopathy?
What is a major contributing factor to the development of dilated cardiomyopathy?
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Which diagnostic tool is NOT typically used for valvular heart disease diagnosis?
Which diagnostic tool is NOT typically used for valvular heart disease diagnosis?
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Which of the following best describes a key aspect of dental disease in dogs?
Which of the following best describes a key aspect of dental disease in dogs?
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What is an important aspect of treating cardiac conditions like valvular heart disease?
What is an important aspect of treating cardiac conditions like valvular heart disease?
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Which condition allows for the possibility of euthanasia as a humane option?
Which condition allows for the possibility of euthanasia as a humane option?
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Which treatment is commonly used to increase cardiac output in cases of heart disease?
Which treatment is commonly used to increase cardiac output in cases of heart disease?
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What is often a symptom of dental disease in dogs?
What is often a symptom of dental disease in dogs?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between different body systems in regards to health?
Which statement best describes the relationship between different body systems in regards to health?
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What is the common incubation period for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) before clinical signs appear?
What is the common incubation period for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) before clinical signs appear?
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Which organism is responsible for causing Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)?
Which organism is responsible for causing Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)?
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What is the primary transmission method for Contagious equine metritis?
What is the primary transmission method for Contagious equine metritis?
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What percentage of West Nile Virus infected horses show no symptoms?
What percentage of West Nile Virus infected horses show no symptoms?
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What is a significant factor contributing to antihelminthic resistance in horses?
What is a significant factor contributing to antihelminthic resistance in horses?
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How are horses generally perceived by their owners, according to common attitudes?
How are horses generally perceived by their owners, according to common attitudes?
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What type of virus is Eastern equine encephalomyelitis?
What type of virus is Eastern equine encephalomyelitis?
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What is a common result of a dually infected mare with Contagious equine metritis?
What is a common result of a dually infected mare with Contagious equine metritis?
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What is a significant factor that contributes to the development of dental disease in dogs?
What is a significant factor that contributes to the development of dental disease in dogs?
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Which diagnostic method is most appropriate for evaluating valvular heart disease?
Which diagnostic method is most appropriate for evaluating valvular heart disease?
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What major systemic effect can result from untreated dental disease in dogs?
What major systemic effect can result from untreated dental disease in dogs?
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In the context of cardiac disease, what is a critical aspect that requires careful management?
In the context of cardiac disease, what is a critical aspect that requires careful management?
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What is a common misconception regarding the treatment of dental diseases in dogs?
What is a common misconception regarding the treatment of dental diseases in dogs?
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Which of the following is a contributing factor to metabolic disease?
Which of the following is a contributing factor to metabolic disease?
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What complicates the treatment of valvular heart disease in dogs?
What complicates the treatment of valvular heart disease in dogs?
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Which statement best reflects the holistic understanding of health in pets?
Which statement best reflects the holistic understanding of health in pets?
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Study Notes
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE)
- Uncommon but often fatal, causing brain inflammation.
- Incubation period of 2-3 weeks followed by 2-3 days of clinical signs, with 90% of horses dying.
- Severe neurological signs are common.
- Confirmed by IgM antibodies to the virus.
- An annual booster vaccine is available.
- Can be zoonotic, spread by mosquitoes, virus is RNA and enveloped.
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
- Bacterial infection of the uterus caused by Taylorella equigenitalis.
- Gram-negative bacteria spread sexually, with clinical signs appearing around 10 days after breeding.
- Can be symptomatic or asymptomatic, leading to abortion and uterine inflammation.
- Active infections in mares resolved with antibiotics.
- Stallions should be cleaned with 4% chlorhexidine before breeding.
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
- Caused by Sarcocystis neurona and spread by opossums, cats, skunks, and raccoons.
West Nile Virus
- Mosquito-borne RNA, enveloped virus that infects and kills birds.
- Causes neurological signs, sometimes fever, but can be asymptomatic.
- Zoonotic, affecting about 20% of humans.
- No treatment available, but an effective vaccine exists.
- Cases are on the rise.
Deworming: Antihelminthic Resistance
- Misinformed owners can contribute to resistance through using alternate dewormers, deworming too often, and maintaining unhygienic conditions.
- Solutions include fecal egg count testing, deworming based on parasite presence, and maintaining a clean environment.
Horse Owner Choices
- Owners often don't view horses as companions, but rather as athletes, workers, or livestock.
- Horses may not receive immediate care for illness or injury.
- Willingness to pay for care is impacted by the perceived value of horses.
- Limitations in care and treatment options exist.
- Misinformation is prevalent.
Companion Animals
- Live longer than in the past and their health is influenced by their association with humans.
Non-Infectious Conditions in Dogs and Cats
- Dogs and cats experience a variety of non-infectious conditions due to their association with humans.
- These include orthopedic, metabolic, neurological, cancer, cardiac, gastrointestinal, autoimmune, and allergy-related conditions.
Coco: Case Study
- 17-year-old female longhaired chihuahua suffering from multiple health issues.
- Includes valvular heart disease, dental issues, cataracts, and "old dog lung."
Disease is Multifactorial
- Genetics, diet, prior or concurrent health conditions, and exercise all play a role in disease development.
Valvular Heart Disease
- Requires diagnostics such as radiograph, EKG, and echocardiogram.
- Treatment options include furosemide (diuretic) and pimobendan (increases cardiac output).
- Careful monitoring and owner commitment are essential.
- Side effects can be problematic.
Dental Disease
- Multifactorial, leading to gum disease and tooth loss.
- Causes difficulty eating, local and systemic infection, and weight loss.
- Treatment involves dental cleaning under general anesthesia by a licensed veterinarian, tooth extractions, and preventative oral health care.
- Antibiotics are no longer used as a standard treatment.
End of Life Care
- A veterinarian's responsibility includes protecting the welfare of animals, which encompasses providing a "good death" through euthanasia.
Important Considerations
- Providing end-of-life care is a complex and emotionally challenging aspect of veterinary medicine.
- Resources and guidance are available to support veterinarians and pet owners in making informed and compassionate decisions.
- Euthanasia should always be considered as a humane and compassionate option when suffering is unavoidable.
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE)
- Uncommon but often fatal viral disease
- Causes inflammation of the brain
- Incubation period is 2-3 weeks
- Clinical signs appear 2-3 days after incubation
- 90% of infected horses die
- Severe neurological signs
- Confirmed by IgM antibodies to the virus
- Vaccine available, requires annual booster
- Can be transmitted to humans (zoonotic disease)- Mosquito-borne RNA virus with an envelope
Contagious Equine Metritis
- Bacterial infection of the uterus
- Caused by Taylorella equigenitalis
- Gram-negative bacteria
- Spread through sexual contact
- Clinical signs appear approximately 10 days after breeding
- Can be symptomatic or asymptomatic
- Causes abortion and uterine inflammation
- Active infections in mares can be cleared with antibiotics
- Stallions should be cleaned with 4% chlorhexidine before breeding
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
- Caused by Sarcocystis neurona
- Spread by opossums, cats, skunks, and raccoons
West Nile Virus
- Mosquito-borne RNA virus with an envelope
- Infects and kills birds
- Causes neurological signs and sometimes fever
- Can be asymptomatic
- Zoonotic, but only causes disease in about 20% of humans
- No specific treatment, but an effective vaccine is available
- Cases are on the rise
Deworming: Antihelminthic Resistance
- Misinformed owners may use alternative dewormers, deworm too often, or maintain unhygienic conditions
- Solutions: fecal egg counts, deworming based on specific parasites present, maintaining a clean environment
Horse Owner Choices
- Horse owners often see their horses as athletes, workers, or livestock, not companions or pets
- Horses don't always receive immediate care for illness or injury
- Willingness to pay for care is often limited due to the perceived value of the horse
- Limited resources for care and treatment
- Misinformation is prevalent
Companion Animals
- Live longer lives
- Health is influenced by their association with humans
Non-Infectious Conditions in Dogs and Cats
- Orthopedic disease
- Metabolic disease
- Neurological conditions
- Cancer
- Cardiac conditions
- Gastrointestinal conditions
- Autoimmune and allergy-related conditions
Coco: A Case Study
- 17-year-old female, longhair chihuahua
- Valvular heart disease
- Dental issues
- Cataracts
- "Old dog lung"
Multifactorial Nature of Disease
- Genetics
- Diet (e.g., taurine deficiency in dilated cardiomyopathy)
- Prior or concurrent health conditions
- Exercise
Valvular Heart Disease
- Requires diagnosis with radiographs, EKG, and echocardiograms
- Treatment includes furosemide (a diuretic) and pimobendan (increases cardiac output)
- Requires careful monitoring and owner commitment
- Side effects can be problematic
Dental Disease
- Multifactorial
- Results in gum disease and tooth loss
- Difficulty eating
- Local and systemic infections
- Weight loss
- Treatment involves dental cleaning under general anesthesia by a licensed veterinarian, tooth extractions, and preventative oral health care
- Antibiotics are no longer used in treatment
End of Life Care
- Veterinarians' primary responsibility is to protect the welfare of animals, including providing a "good death" through euthanasia
Resources for End of Life Care
- AVMA Journals
- MDPI
- Canadian Veterinarians
Announcements (Course Related)
- Revised syllabus available on eClass
- Check eClass for announcements
- No quiz this week
- Next quiz opens on October 17th
- Midterm 1 grades expected on Friday
- Dr. Craig Wilkinson lecturing on Animal Use in Research on Friday.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various equine infectious diseases, including Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis, Contagious Equine Metritis, and more. This quiz covers symptoms, transmission, and prevention strategies for these serious conditions affecting horses. Ideal for veterinary students and horse owners alike.
