Infectious Diseases of Hemolymphatics
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Questions and Answers

What type of organism causes Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)?

  • Parasite
  • Bacteria
  • Fungus
  • Retrovirus (correct)

What is a primary means of transmission for Equine Infectious Anemia?

  • Contact with infected animals
  • Airborne pathogens
  • Water contamination
  • Insect vectors (correct)

Which clinical sign is most consistently associated with acute Equine Infectious Anemia?

  • High fever (correct)
  • Ventral edema
  • Jaundice
  • Weight Loss

What testing method is considered the gold standard for detecting antibodies to Equine Infectious Anemia?

<p>AGID (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common preventive measure against the transmission of Equine Infectious Anemia?

<p>Regular blood tests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormality is an early indicator of Equine Infectious Anemia?

<p>Thrombocytopenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for the Coggins test in relation to Equine Infectious Anemia?

<p>Required for sale/movement in the US (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign indicates a significant systemic effect due to Equine Infectious Anemia?

<p>Petechiae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is associated with dogs for the transmission of Babesia gibsoni?

<p>Rhipicephalus sanguineus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is Anaplasma categorized as?

<p>Obligate intracellular bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary host for Babesia bigemina?

<p>Cattle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tick is associated with transmitting Theileria orientalis to cattle?

<p>Rhipicephalus annulatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tick species is responsible for Anaplasma transmission in the Eastern USA?

<p>Ixodes scapularis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is known to infect equids, specifically associated with equine piroplasmosis?

<p>Theileria equi (C), Babesia caballi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do Anaplasma bacteria reside and replicate?

<p>In vacuoles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is used for Babesia infections?

<p>Imidocarb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transmission mechanism for Anaplasma?

<p>Via Ixodid ticks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tick species is found in the Western USA and contributes to Anaplasma transmission?

<p>Ixodes pacificus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is indicated with ND (not determined) in association with Dermacentor albipictus?

<p>Babesia caballi (A), Babesia conradae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is Rhipicephalus microplus?

<p>Tick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is NOT commonly associated with Anaplasma transmission?

<p>Sheep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with dogs in the context of the organisms listed?

<p>Babesia bigemina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of Anaplasma bacteria?

<p>Coccoid to ellipsoidal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following genotypes is associated with Haemaphysalis longicornis?

<p>T. orientalis genotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of Bovine Leukemia Virus infection in cattle?

<p>Development of lymphosarcoma in some cases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method offers higher sensitivity for testing Bovine Leukemia Virus antibodies?

<p>ELISA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which options indicate potential transmission routes for Bovine Leukemia Virus?

<p>Blood and fluids containing blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organism is responsible for equine granulocytic anaplasmosis?

<p>Anaplasma phagocytophilum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is NOT associated with Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle?

<p>Increased milk production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the virulence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis?

<p>Exotoxin phospholipase D (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is crucial for the definitive diagnosis of caseous lymphadenitis?

<p>Bacterial culture of pus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for Anaplasma infections in cattle?

<p>Tetracyclines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical sign of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis?

<p>Limb edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group of horses typically experiences milder clinical signs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection?

<p>Younger horses (&lt; 1 year) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis enter the body?

<p>Via skin wounds and mucous membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of anemia is associated with Anaplasma marginale infection?

<p>Extra-vascular hemolytic anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common diagnostic test for Anaplasma infections?

<p>Tissue biopsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using strict biosecurity measures in the prevention of CL?

<p>To prevent the spread of infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antimicrobial medication is NOT mentioned for the treatment of Strangles?

<p>Doxycycline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with Strangles?

<p>Nasal discharge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Glomerulonephritis

A condition causing inflammation of the glomeruli, usually due to immune complexes deposited in the kidneys. It can present in acute, subacute or chronic forms.

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)

A blood-borne viral infection that affects cattle, causing lifelong infection and often leading to lymphosarcoma. Transmission occurs through blood and bodily fluids.

Inapparent Carrier

The stage of BLV infection where the animal has no clinical signs but harbors the virus.

Babesia and Theileria

A group of protozoan parasites, including Babesia and Theileria, that are transmitted by ticks and can cause illness in various animals.

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AGID Test

A test using antibodies to detect antigen, specifically used for BLV detection, indicating exposure to the virus.

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Iatrogenic Spread

The transmission of BLV through contaminated needles or other medical instruments.

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ELISA Test

A method for detecting BLV antibodies, known for its high sensitivity. It is used in conjunction with AGID testing for a more comprehensive diagnosis.

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Lymphosarcoma

The most common form of BLV-associated cancer, characterized by tumor growth in various tissues.

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Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)

A retrovirus that affects horses and is characterized by a simple RNA genome with gag, pol, and env genes. EIA is known to cause systemic effects due to cytokine secretion from macrophage/monocyte cell lines.

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Coggins Test

A diagnostic test for EIA, required for the sale and movement of horses in the United States, conducted annually by a USDA Category II-accredited veterinarian.

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Coggins Test (AGID)

The gold standard for detecting EIA antibodies using Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID).

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Iatrogenic Transmission of EIA

The most common method of transmission for EIA. This includes direct contact through contaminated needles, surgical instruments, dental floats, bits, and blood transfusions.

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Acute Clinical Signs of EIA

The acute form of EIA is characterized by sudden high fever (104-108F), anorexia, depression, weight loss, petechiae (thrombocytopenia), jaundice (hemolytic anemia), and ventral edema.

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Thrombocytopenia in EIA

A reduction in the number of platelets in the blood, commonly observed in the early stages of EIA.

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Hemolytic Anemia in EIA

This condition, also known as anemia, is a hallmark of EIA. It is characterized by both intravascular and extravascular hemolysis, which leads to a decrease in the number of red blood cells. EIA also affects erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells.

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Equine Infectious Anemia

A blood-borne viral disease affecting horses, transmitted through infected blood, insect vectors, or medical instruments. It can lead to fatal anemia and other complications.

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Rhipicephalus microplus

A tick species that transmits Babesia bigemina, B.bovis, and Theileria orientalis infections to cattle.

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Rhipicephalus annulatus

A tick species that transmits Babesia bovis and Theileria orientalis infections to cattle.

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Rhipicephalus sanguineus

A tick species that transmits Babesia gibsoni, B.vogeli, B.Conradae and B.Vulpes to dogs.

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Dermacentor albipictus

A tick species that transmits Babesia caballi infections to equids.

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Babesia

A group of parasites that infect red blood cells and can cause various diseases in different animals.

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Babesia caballi

A blood parasite that infects equids (horses, donkeys) and is transmitted by Dermacentor ticks.

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Theileria orientalis

A blood parasite that infects cattle and is transmitted by Rhipicephalus ticks.

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Babesia bovis

A blood parasite that infects cattle and is transmitted by Rhipicephalus ticks.

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Anaplasma

Anaplasma is a genus of obligate intracellular bacteria, meaning they can only survive and reproduce inside host cells.

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Anaplasma shape

Anaplasma bacteria are usually round or slightly oval in shape.

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Anaplasma location

Anaplasma reside inside the cells of their host, creating compartments within the cell's cytoplasm where they multiply.

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Anaplasma transmission

Ixodid ticks are the primary vectors of Anaplasma transmission.

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Ixodes scapularis

Ixodes scapularis, a common tick in the eastern United States, is a known carrier of Anaplasma.

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Ixodes pacificus

Ixodes pacificus, along with I. scapularis, is a common vector of Anaplasma in the western United States.

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a species of Anaplasma that typically infects white-tailed deer, elk, and mule deer.

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum transmission

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, such as Ixodes scapularis.

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Strangles

A highly contagious bacterial infection in horses, characterized by fever, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes, and potentially abscess formation in the throat.

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Metastatic Strangles

A serious complication of Strangles where the infection spreads beyond the initial site, potentially affecting other organs and tissues.

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Retropharyngeal abscess

A specific type of Strangles abscess that forms in the back of the throat, potentially causing difficulty breathing.

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M-protein

The protein found on the surface of Streptococcus equi ssp. Equi, providing it resistance to the horse's immune system.

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Polysaccharide capsule

The capsule surrounding Streptococcus equi ssp. Equi that helps the bacteria attach to cells and resist engulfment by immune cells.

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Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

A disease in horses caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Signs include fever, lethargy, inappetence, limb edema, icterus, ataxia, and a stiff gait. Adult horses are more severely affected than young ones.

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Anaplasma marginale

An intracellular bacterium that infects erythrocytes, causing extravascular hemolytic anemia in cattle. It can lead to fever, pale mucous membranes, lethargy, icterus, gastrointestinal signs, weight loss, decreased milk production, abortion, and even death.

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Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)

A bacterial infection characterized by the presence of abscesses in lymph nodes, particularly in goats and sheep. It is caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

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Pigeon Fever

A bacterial infection in horses caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It presents as abscesses in the lymph nodes, particularly in the chest and neck, and can cause fever, lethargy, and swelling.

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Caseous Necrosis

A type of necrosis (tissue death) characterized by the formation of cheesy-like material within the abscesses.

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Liquefactive Necrosis

A type of necrosis (tissue death) characterized by the breakdown of tissue into a liquid or semi-liquid state.

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Lipid Coating

A thick, protective coating made of lipids that surrounds Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, making it resistant to digestion by immune cells.

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Exotoxin - Phospholipase D

A toxin produced by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It is a phospholipase enzyme that damages the cells of the endothelium (lining of blood vessels), promoting the spread of infection via the bloodstream.

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Hemogenous Spread

The process by which the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacteria spread through the bloodstream, infecting lymph nodes.

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Study Notes

Infectious Diseases of Hemolymphatics

  • Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)

    • Retrovirus (like FIV, BIV, SIV, HIV)
    • Simple RNA genome (8 kb)
    • gag, pol, env
    • Affects macrophage/monocyte cell lines
    • Systemic effects from cytokine secretion
    • Reportable
    • Coggins test required for sale/movement in US
    • Performed yearly by USDA Category II-accredited vet
    • Prevalence is low in US (Gulf Coast region).
    • In 2016, 52 positive horses, 34 positive premises
    • Transmission: Insect vectors (flies, mosquitoes), Iatrogenic (needles, surgical instruments, dental floats, bits).
    • Clinical Signs (Acute): Sudden high fever (104-108ËšF), anorexia, depression, weight loss, petechiae (thrombocytopenia), jaundice (hemolytic anemia), ventral edema
    • Abnormalities (Acute): Thrombocytopenia (earliest), Anemia (intravascular/extravascular hemolysis, affects erythropoiesis), Glomerulonephritis/Vasculitis (antibody/antigen complexes)
    • Chronic/Subacute/Aysmptomatic: infection phases characterized by viremia, platelet counts, temperature alterations
    • Management: Euthanasia or life-long quarantine for positive animals, reactor and all horses within 200 yards are quarantined

  • Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)

    • Deltaretrovirus genus
    • Retroviridae family
    • Lifelong infection
    • Blood-borne infection of lymphocytes
    • 3 stages of disease (Healthy, Aleukemic, Persistent Lymphocytosis, Tumors)
    • 5% cattle develop signs (mostly lymphosarcoma, affecting uterus, heart, abomasum, spinal canal, retrobulbar lymphatic tissues)
    • 10-20% persistent lymphocytosis
    • High prevalence in US dairy herds (up to 90%), beef herds (up to 40%)
    • Affected animal carcasses are condemned
    • Transmission: Blood/fluids with blood cells, milk (only about 1/20 in utero), nasal secretions, insects, Iatrogenic
    • Testing: Antibodies (AGID, ELISA), and sample of lymph nodes for clinical disease

  • Babesia/Theileria

    • Tick-transmitted hematic protozoa
    • Reportable
    • Affects cattle (bovine sadness complex, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Theileria orientalis, Tx is Imidocarb/dimina, aceturate)
    • Affects horses (piroplasmosis, Babesia caballi, Theileria equi, Tx is Imidocarb)

  • Anaplasma

    • Obligate intracellular bacteria
    • Coccid to ellipsoidal
    • Reside/replicate in vacuoles in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
    • Affects horses (granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, infects neutrophils, eosinophils, morulae)
    • Affects cattle (extra-vascular hemolytic anemia, Anaplasma marginale; milder clinical signs in younger animals
    • Transmission: Ixodid ticks (I. scapularis, I. pacificus, I. spinipalpis)
    • Testing: blood smear, antibodies, PCR
    • Treatment: Antibiotic (tetracyclines)

  • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

    • Gram-positive, facultative intracellular coccobacillus
    • Causes caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in goats, sheep, and horses (pigeon fever)
    • Transmission: Wounds, mucous membranes
    • Clinical signs: Abscesses (internal-sheep/external-goats), chronic weight loss, lymphangitis
    • Virulence Factors: Exotoxin (phospholipase D), lipid coating
    • Testing: Presumptive diagnosis (abscessed lymph nodes, serology). Definitive diagnosis (bacterial culture of pus)
    • Treatment: Cull, Surgical (lance and drain abscesses, lavage, resection), Antimicrobials (long-term penicillin + rifampin, Tulathromycin)
    • Recurrence rates are high; not considered a curable disease.
    • Prevention: Biosecurity and isolation measures, Ideally cull and if not, separate affected from unaffected; Vaccinations available

  • Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (Strangles)

    • Gram-positive, B-hemolytic bacteria
    • M-protein and Polysaccharide capsule (resist phagocytosis)
    • Very contagious
    • Clinical signs: Fever, nasal discharge, regional lymphadenopathy, parotids swelling and pain, stertor or stridor, coughing, dyspnea.
    • Strangles: Retropharyngeal abscess
    • Metastatic Strangles (Aka Bastard Strangles)
    • Treatment and prevention: Lance and drain abscesses, treat symptomatically, (involves tracheostomy if needed), Antimicrobials (penicillin, ceftiofur, TMS/rifampin).

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Description

This quiz covers the critical aspects of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), a significant retroviral disease affecting horses. Learn about its transmission, clinical signs, and the requirements for testing and reporting in the United States. Understand the implications of EIA on equine health and management.

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