Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a common consequence of dental disease as mentioned?
What is a common consequence of dental disease as mentioned?
Which method is NOT used for diagnosing valvular heart disease?
Which method is NOT used for diagnosing valvular heart disease?
What is a key factor in managing valvular heart disease in pets?
What is a key factor in managing valvular heart disease in pets?
Which of the following could potentially lead to dilated cardiomyopathy due to a deficiency?
Which of the following could potentially lead to dilated cardiomyopathy due to a deficiency?
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What is the main purpose of end-of-life care as described?
What is the main purpose of end-of-life care as described?
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What should be prioritized rather than routine antibiotic treatment for dental disease?
What should be prioritized rather than routine antibiotic treatment for dental disease?
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Which of these conditions signifies poor overall health and is multifactorial?
Which of these conditions signifies poor overall health and is multifactorial?
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What is a potential side effect of medications used for valvular heart disease?
What is a potential side effect of medications used for valvular heart disease?
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What is the primary cause of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE)?
What is the primary cause of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE)?
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What is a significant consequence of contagious equine metritis in mares?
What is a significant consequence of contagious equine metritis in mares?
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Which animal is NOT associated with the spread of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)?
Which animal is NOT associated with the spread of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)?
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What is the recommended procedure for cleaning stallions prior to breeding in cases of contagious equine metritis?
What is the recommended procedure for cleaning stallions prior to breeding in cases of contagious equine metritis?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about West Nile Virus?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about West Nile Virus?
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What is a common reason for antihelminthic resistance in small animals?
What is a common reason for antihelminthic resistance in small animals?
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How do horse owners generally perceive their horses, according to the content?
How do horse owners generally perceive their horses, according to the content?
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What health aspect is notably affected in companion animals due to their association with humans?
What health aspect is notably affected in companion animals due to their association with humans?
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Study Notes
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE)
- Uncommon but often fatal, causes brain inflammation
- Incubation period is 2-3 weeks followed by 2-3 days of clinical signs
- 90% of horses die
- Severe neurological signs
- Confirmed by IgM antibodies to the virus
- Vaccine available (annual booster needed)
- Can be zoonotic (transmitted to humans)
- Mosquito-borne virus: RNA, enveloped
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
- Bacterial infection of the uterus (Taylorella equigenitalis)
- Gram-negative bacteria
- Spread through sexual contact (clinical signs appear ~10 days post-breeding)
- Can be symptomatic or asymptomatic
- Causes abortion and uterine inflammation
- Active infections in mares can be cleared with antibiotics
- Stallions should be cleaned with 4% chlorhexidine prior to breeding
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
- Caused by Sarcocystis neurona
- Spread by opossums, cats, skunks, and raccoons
West Nile Virus
- Mosquito-borne RNA, enveloped virus that infects and kills birds
- Causes neurological signs and potentially fever, but can be asymptomatic
- Zoonotic (transmitted to humans), but only causes disease in ~20% of infected individuals
- No treatment, but effective vaccine exists
- Case numbers are rising
Deworming: Antihelminthic Resistance
- Misinformed owners may switch dewormers, deworm too frequently, or maintain unhygienic conditions
- Solutions: fecal egg count to determine parasite presence, deworming based on specific parasites, maintaining a clean environment
Horse Owner Choices
- Owners often do not view horses as companions or pets, but rather as athletes, workers, or livestock
- Horses may not receive immediate care for illness or injury
- Willingness to pay for care is often limited due to the perceived value of the horse
- Limitations exist in care and treatment options
- Misinformation is prevalent among horse owners
Companion Animals and Non-Infectious Conditions
- Companion animals live longer due to association with humans
- Their health is significantly affected by their relationship with humans
- Dogs and cats experience numerous non-infectious conditions due to human influences
- These conditions include: orthopedic disease, metabolic disease, neurological conditions, cancer, cardiac conditions, gastrointestinal conditions, autoimmune and allergy-related conditions, etc.
Coco: A Case Study
- 17-year-old female, longhair chihuahua
- Valvular heart disease
- Dental issues
- Cataracts
- "Old dog lung" – respiratory issues common in aging dogs
Multifactorial Disease
- Genetics plays a role
- Diet (e.g., taurine deficiency in dilated cardiomyopathy)
- Prior or concurrent health conditions
- Exercise
Valvular Heart Disease
- A common condition in companion animals, especially older dogs
- Involves the valves of the heart not closing properly, leading to inefficient blood flow
Valvular Heart Disease (cont.)
- Diagnostics: radiograph, EKG, echocardiogram (ultrasound)
- Treatments: furosemide (a diuretic), pimobendan (increases cardiac output)
- Requires careful monitoring and commitment by the owner
- Potential for problematic side effects
Dental Disease
- Multi-factorial
- Leads to gum disease and tooth loss
- Can cause difficulty eating, local and systemic infections, and weight loss
- Treatment: dental cleaning under general anesthesia by a licensed veterinarian, tooth extractions (antibiotics are generally not used)
- Prevention is key: preventative oral health care
End of Life Care
- A veterinarian's primary responsibility is to protect animal welfare, which includes providing a "good death" (euthanasia)
Euthanasia
- It's a complex and emotionally challenging decision for both owners and veterinarians
- Requires careful consideration and communication between the owner and veterinarian.
Resources
- https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/261/2/javma.22.06.0234.xml
- https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/13/2117
- https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/policy-and-outreach/position-statements/statements/euthanasia/#:~:text=group%20of%20animals.-,Position,fear%2C%20pain%2C%20and%20distress.
Announcements
- Revised syllabus available on eClass
- Check for eClass announcements
- No quiz this week (next quiz opens October 17th)
- Midterm 1 grades expected Friday
- Dr. Craig Wilkinson lecturing Friday on Animal Use in Research
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Description
Test your knowledge on various equine infectious diseases, including Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis, Contagious Equine Metritis, Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis, and West Nile Virus. This quiz covers symptoms, transmission, and preventive measures for each disease in horses.
