Enlightenment & Empiricism

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Questions and Answers

Match the historical movements with their key figures or principles:

Abolition Movement = William Wilberforce Feminism = Mary Wollstonecraft Secularism = Voltaire Political Unification = Giuseppe Garibaldi

Match the concepts with their descriptions:

National Identity = Sense of belonging shaped by shared culture Liberalism = Emphasizes individual freedoms and constitutional government Natural Rights = Rights inherent to all humans proposed by John Locke Democratic Ideals = Principles of equality and participation in governance

Match the terms with their associated movements or ideologies:

Abolitionism = Effort to end slavery Reform Movement = Improving societal conditions Women’s Suffrage = Fight for women's voting rights Political Rights = Rights to participate in government

Match the following nation-states with their unifying figures:

Germany = Otto von Bismarck Italy = Count Cavour France = Liberalism's influence United States = Abolition Movement Signup and view all the answers

Match the Enlightenment thinkers with their ideas:

John Locke = Natural Rights Rousseau = Critique of the Church's influence Voltaire = Secularism Mary Wollstonecraft = Gender equality Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical context with the associated events:

19th century = Emergence of nation-states Abolition Movement = Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 Feminism = U.S. 19th Amendment Liberalism = Revolutions in France and the Americas Signup and view all the answers

Match the cultural concepts with their impacts:

Nationalism = Driving force behind revolutions Secularism = Separation of religion from politics Liberalism = Response to absolutism Feminism = Advocacy for women's rights Signup and view all the answers

Match the movements with their defining characteristics:

Abolition Movement = Globally ending slavery Reform Movement = Education and workers' rights Political Unification = Cohesion of fragmented states Women’s Suffrage = Voting rights for women Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

Nation-State = Defined territory with shared identity Nationalism = Pride in common language and culture Political Rights = Rights to engage in governance Democratic Ideals = Inspired by Enlightenment thought Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Enlightenment thinkers with their key contributions:

John Locke = Natural rights and social contract theory Voltaire = Advocated for freedom of expression Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Emphasized popular sovereignty and civic freedom Montesquieu = Critique of slavery and the need for separation of powers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their descriptions:

Social Contract Theory = Government's authority comes from the consent of the governed Divine Right Theory = Monarchs are chosen by God to rule Empiricism = Knowledge derived from sensory experience and observation Enlightenment Philosophy = Emphasis on reason, progress, and individualism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following movements with their focuses:

Maternal Feminism = Women's moral responsibility as mothers Political Hierarchy = Favoring elite men in governance Gender Hierarchy = Upholds male dominance in society Empiricism = Emphasizing evidence-based knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Match the following economic systems with their characteristics:

Slavery = Critiqued on moral grounds by Enlightenment thinkers Serfdom = Tied peasants to land under lords' control Transatlantic Slave Trade = Prominent economic system during the Enlightenment Plantation Slavery = Utilized in the Americas, criticized for efficiency Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Enlightenment concepts with their implications:

Reason = Means to solve societal problems Individualism = Emphasizing personal freedom and rights Skepticism = Questioning traditional authorities Progress = Belief in human improvement over time Signup and view all the answers

Match the following philosophers with their specific ideas:

Francis Bacon = Promotion of the scientific method Hobbes = Advocated strong central authority under social contract Locke = Natural rights of life, liberty, and property Rousseau = Popular sovereignty and community over individualism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following societal structures with their definitions:

Political Hierarchy = Structured favoring of certain classes Gender Hierarchy = Social dominance of males over females Economic Systems = Methods of organizing production and labor Social Contract = Agreement between governed and governing entities Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical terms with their descriptions:

Enlightenment = Intellectual movement emphasizing reason Maternal Feminism = Focus on women's roles in family life Empiricism = Belief in evidence over tradition Serfdom = Feudal system of bondage to land Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with their related concepts:

Rationality = Basis of Enlightenment thought Liberty = Foundation of social contract theory Equality = Challenged existing social norms Justice = Goal of Enlightenment reforms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their contributions to historical revolution:

Simón Bolívar = El Libertador of Latin America Toussaint Louverture = Leader of the Haitian Revolution Thomas Jefferson = Author of the Declaration of Independence King Louis XVI = Executed during the French Revolution Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Enlightenment thinkers with their key ideas:

John Locke = Natural rights and government consent Elizabeth Cady Stanton = Women’s rights and suffrage Simón Bolívar = Liberty and republicanism Montesquieu = Separation of powers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leaders with the events they are associated with:

King George III = American Revolution Toussaint Louverture = Abolition of slavery in Haiti Thomas Jefferson = Drafting the Declaration of Independence King Louis XVI = Overthrown in the French Revolution Signup and view all the answers

Match the following documents with their corresponding authors:

Declaration of Independence = Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Sentiments = Elizabeth Cady Stanton The Social Contract = Jean-Jacques Rousseau Common Sense = Thomas Paine Signup and view all the answers

Match the following revolutions with their leaders:

Haitian Revolution = Toussaint Louverture American Revolution = George Washington French Revolution = Maximilien Robespierre South American independence = Simón Bolívar Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical figures with their roles in governance:

King George III = Monarch during the American Revolution Thomas Jefferson = Third President of the United States King Louis XVI = Absolute monarch of France Toussaint Louverture = Leader of a slave revolt Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their respective historical movements:

Simón Bolívar = Liberation of South America Elizabeth Cady Stanton = Women’s suffrage movement John Locke = Influential Enlightenment thinker Toussaint Louverture = Anti-colonial struggle in Haiti Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their significance:

French Revolution = End of absolute monarchy in France American Revolution = Colonial independence from Britain Haitian Revolution = First successful slave revolt Seneca Falls Convention = Beginning of the women's rights movement Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their political philosophies:

John Locke = Rights to life, liberty, and property Elizabeth Cady Stanton = Equality for women Simón Bolívar = Liberty from colonial rule King George III = Monarchical absolutism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical figures with their contributions:

Napoleon Bonaparte = Implemented the Napoleonic Code Maximilien Robespierre = Led the Reign of Terror Túpac Amaru II = Fought against Spanish colonial rule Elizabeth Cady Stanton = Drafted the Declaration of Sentiments Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reform advocates with their works or initiatives:

Mary Wollstonecraft = A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Olympe de Gouges = Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen Lucretia Mott = Co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention Lola Rodríguez de Tió = Authored revolutionary hymns like La Borinqueña Signup and view all the answers

Match the following revolutionary leaders with their achievements:

Simón Bolívar = Liberated South American countries from Spanish rule Napoleon Bonaparte = Expanded French territories across Europe Túpac Amaru II = Led an indigenous uprising in Peru Maximilien Robespierre = Executed thousands during the Reign of Terror Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their national context:

Elizabeth Cady Stanton = United States Olympe de Gouges = France Lola Rodríguez de Tió = Puerto Rico Simón Bolívar = Venezuela Signup and view all the answers

Match the following activists with their primary focus:

Mary Wollstonecraft = Women's education and equality Elizabeth Cady Stanton = Women's suffrage Lucretia Mott = Abolition and women's rights Lola Rodríguez de Tió = Puerto Rican independence Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their associated figures:

Seneca Falls Convention = Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Reign of Terror = Maximilien Robespierre Napoleonic Wars = Napoleon Bonaparte Indigenous uprising in Peru = Túpac Amaru II Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical figures with their fate:

Maximilien Robespierre = Executed for extremism Túpac Amaru II = Captured and executed Olympe de Gouges = Executed during the Reign of Terror Simón Bolívar = Died from illness in relative peace Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their demographic background:

Mary Wollstonecraft = English writer Olympe de Gouges = French playwright Lucretia Mott = American Quaker Lola Rodríguez de Tió = Puerto Rican poet Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leaders with their revolutionary principles:

Simón Bolívar = Liberation from colonial rule Túpac Amaru II = Indigenous rights Napoleon Bonaparte = Legal and civil reforms Maximilien Robespierre = Radical revolutionary ideals Signup and view all the answers

Match the following movements with their associated issues:

Women's rights movement = Suffrage and equality French Revolution = Radical social change Independence movements in Latin America = End of Spanish colonial rule Abolitionist movement = Ending slavery and promoting rights Signup and view all the answers

Match the following revolutions with their significant outcomes:

American Revolution = Establishment of a republican government French Revolution = Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Haitian Revolution = Abolition of slavery and establishment of Haiti as an independent republic Great Jamaica Revolt = Intensified debates over the abolition of slavery in the British Empire Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their prominent leaders:

Haitian Revolution = Toussaint Louverture American Revolution = George Washington French Revolution = Maximilien Robespierre Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion = Miguel Hidalgo Signup and view all the answers

Match the following revolutionary movements with their time periods:

American Revolution = 1775–1783 French Revolution = 1789–1799 Haitian Revolution = 1791–1804 Great Jamaica Revolt = 1831–1832 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions with their corresponding revolutionary movements:

Saint-Domingue = Haitian Revolution North America = American Revolution France = French Revolution Mexico = Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion Signup and view all the answers

Match the influential figures with their corresponding ideas:

John Locke = Natural rights Voltaire = Freedom of speech Rousseau = Social contract Simón Bolívar = Latin American independence Signup and view all the answers

Match the following revolutions with their main ideological influences:

American Revolution = Consent of the governed French Revolution = Liberty, equality, fraternity Haitian Revolution = Abolition of slavery Latin American Revolutions = Overthrow of colonial rule Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their causes:

American Revolution = Taxation without representation French Revolution = Monarchical oppression Great Jamaica Revolt = Abolitionist movements Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion = Social injustices in Mexico Signup and view all the answers

Match the following movements with their characteristics:

Haitian Revolution = First independent Black republic American Revolution = Colonial revolt against British rule French Revolution = Abolished feudal privileges Great Jamaica Revolt = Slave rebellion against plantation system Signup and view all the answers

Match the revolutionary leaders with their nationality:

Toussaint Louverture = Haitian George Washington = American Simón Bolívar = Venezuelan José María Morelos = Mexican Signup and view all the answers

Match the following independence movements with their key events:

Mexican War of Independence = Grito de Dolores Venezuelan War of Independence = Establishment of Gran Colombia Argentinian War of Independence = Battle of Tucumán Chilean War of Independence = Battle of Chacabuco Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leaders with their corresponding independence movements:

Simón Bolívar = Venezuelan War of Independence José de San Martín = Argentinian War of Independence Dom Pedro I = Brazilian Independence José Artigas = Uruguayan Independence Signup and view all the answers

Match the following countries with their independence outcomes:

Mexico = Independence from Spain Brazil = Peaceful independence Argentina = Independence declared in 1816 Peru = Collapse of Spanish authority Signup and view all the answers

Match the following independence movements with their leaders:

Paraguayan Independence = José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia Peruvian War of Independence = Simón Bolívar Colombian Independence = Simón Bolívar Chilean War of Independence = Bernardo O'Higgins Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their significance:

Seneca Falls Conference = Women’s suffrage advocacy Abolition Movement = End of slavery and serfdom Maori Nationalism = Indigenous resistance in New Zealand Balkan Nationalisms = Desire for independence from the Ottoman Empire Signup and view all the answers

Match the following movements with their ideological focuses:

Ottomanism = Unity among diverse populations Propaganda Movement = Political equality in the Philippines Abolition Movement = Ending slavery inspired by Enlightenment Maori Nationalism = Cultural preservation and land rights Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their contributions to gender equality:

Elizabeth Cady Stanton = Organizer of the Seneca Falls Conference Lucretia Mott = Women’s rights advocate José Rizal = Leader in the Philippine reform movement Simón Bolívar = Proponent of independence ideals Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their respective autonomy achievements:

Uruguayan Independence = Maintained autonomy against external forces Brazilian Independence = Established an independent empire peacefully Chilean Independence = Formally established in 1818 Venezuelan Independence = Part of Bolívar’s Gran Colombia vision Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leaders with their revolutionary strategies:

José de San Martín = Crossing the Andes to defeat foes Agustín de Iturbide = Unifying factions in Mexico Simón Bolívar = Leading campaigns against Spanish loyalists Dom Pedro I = Declaring independence with minimal violence Signup and view all the answers

Match the following documents with their main themes:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen = Natural rights and individual freedoms Declaration of Independence = Independence from colonial rule A Vindication of the Rights of Woman = Women's education and equality Letter from Jamaica = Vision for Latin American unity Signup and view all the answers

Match the authors with their corresponding works:

Mary Wollstonecraft = A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Olympe de Gouges = Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen Simón Bolívar = Letter from Jamaica Thomas Jefferson = Declaration of Independence Signup and view all the answers

Match the time periods to the corresponding documents:

1789 = Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 1776 = Declaration of Independence 1792 = A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1815 = Letter from Jamaica Signup and view all the answers

Match the significant ideas emphasized in each document:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen = Equality before the law Declaration of Independence = Right to revolution A Vindication of the Rights of Woman = Empowerment of women Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen = Legal equality for women Signup and view all the answers

Match the significance of each document:

Declaration of Independence = Established the United States as a republic Letter from Jamaica = Critical document for Latin American independence A Vindication of the Rights of Woman = Foundation for feminist philosophy Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen = Challenge to patriarchal structures Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical influences of each document:

Declaration of Independence = Enlightenment ideas Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen = French Revolution ideals A Vindication of the Rights of Woman = Feminist movements Letter from Jamaica = Post-colonial governance concepts Signup and view all the answers

Match the revolutionary movements with their documents:

American Revolution = Declaration of Independence French Revolution = Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Women’s Rights Movement = A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Latin American Independence = Letter from Jamaica Signup and view all the answers

Match each document with their adopted goals:

Declaration of Independence = Grievances against King George III A Vindication of the Rights of Woman = Equality and education for women Letter from Jamaica = Unity among Latin American nations Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen = Political participation for women Signup and view all the answers

Match the document with their intended audience:

Letter from Jamaica = Latin American leaders A Vindication of the Rights of Woman = Society at large Declaration of Independence = Colonial citizens Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen = Revolutionary France Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Enlightenment

A 17th and 18th-century intellectual and cultural movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authorities.
Key thinkers: John Locke, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu.
Ideas spread through print culture, education, salons, and trade, inspiring global revolutions promoting liberty, equality, secular governance, and natural rights.
Enlightenment thinkers shaped ideas of democracy and human rights; key documents include the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Enlightenment Philosophy

Focused on rationality, progress, and questioning traditional authority, promoting using reason to solve societal problems.
Key ideas: natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of expression, government by consent of the governed.

Empiricism

Belief that knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation promoting scientific method and evidence-based conclusions.
Key thinkers: Francis Bacon, John Locke.

Social Contract Theory: Governments derive authority from the consent of the governed (agreement to surrender some freedoms for rights protection).
Divine Right Theory: Monarchs rule by divine appointment with absolute authority.

Political and Gender Hierarchy

Enlightenment challenged hierarchies but often maintained limitations on gender.
Traditional systems favored elite men, with male dominance in public and private life.

Maternal Feminism

Argued that women's societal role as mothers gave them moral influence for social change.
Often advocated for education and temperance.
Emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Slavery

Transatlantic slave trade and plantation slavery prominent.
Enlightenment thinkers (Montesquieu) critiqued slavery on moral grounds, also questioning its economic efficiency.

Serfdom

Peasants tied to land, declined in Western Europe during the Enlightenment; persisted in Russia until the mid-19th century.

Nationalism

Emerged in the late 18th and 19th centuries as shared identity and pride in one's nation.
Fueled revolutions and unification movements.

National Identity

Sense of belonging to a nation, shaped by shared traditions, language, and culture, becoming a unifying force in the 19th century.

Political Unification

19th-century movements unifying fragmented states into nation-states (e.g., Germany and Italy).

Abolition Movement

Global effort to end slavery, inspired by Enlightenment and religious morality; ended with emancipation acts.

Secularism

Separating religion from political/public life, gaining momentum during the Enlightenment.

Liberalism (19th Century)

Political ideology emphasizing individual freedoms, constitutional government, and free-market economics.
Response to absolutism; central to revolutions (France and America).

Reform Movement

Movements aiming to improve societal conditions linked to Enlightenment principles.
Examples include prison reform, education reform, and labor rights.

Natural Rights

Inherent rights for all humans (life, liberty, property), according to John Locke; argued that governments should protect these rights.

Political Rights

Rights for individuals to participate in government (voting, holding office).
Central to democratic revolutions and liberal reforms.

Abolitionism

Activism to end slavery focused on legislative changes.

Feminism

Movement for women's rights and equality. Pioneers challenged gender inequality including Mary Wollstonecraft, Olympe de Gouges, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lola Rodríguez de Tió.

Women's Suffrage

Fight for women's right to vote.
Milestones: New Zealand (1893), U.S. 19th Amendment (1920).

Democratic Ideals

Principles of equality, freedom, and participation in governance, inspired revolutions (American and French).

Nation-State

Political entity with defined territory, centralized government, shared cultural identity, dominant in the 19th century.

Key Figures

(Existing figures and added figures):*
Napoleon Bonaparte: French military general, Napoleonic Code, territorial expansion.
Maximilien Robespierre: Leading figure French Revolution, head of the Jacobins, reign of terror.
Túpac Amaru II: Peruvian revolutionary of indigenous uprising against Spanish rule.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Organized the Seneca Falls Convention, women's suffrage.
Mary Wollstonecraft: English writer, women's education and equality.
Olympe de Gouges: French playwright, women's rights during the French Revolution.
Lucretia Mott: American Quaker, abolitionist and women's rights activist.
Lola Rodríguez de Tió: Puerto Rican poet and activist for Puerto Rican independence.
Simón Bolívar: Pivotal role in liberating South American countries from Spanish rule.
Thomas Jefferson: Drafted Declaration of Independence.
King George III: Monarch of Great Britain during the American Revolution.
King Louis XVI: King of France during the French Revolution, deposed and executed.
Miguel Hidalgo: Mexican independence movement, Grito de Dolores.
José María Morelos: Continued Mexican independence fight; captured and executed.
Agustín de Iturbide: Unified factions, declared Mexican independence.
José de San Martín: Led Argentinian and Chilean War of Independence.
Bernardo O’Higgins: Chilean independence leader.
José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia: Paraguayan independence leader
Toussaint Louverture: Led the Haitian Revolution; first independent Black republic.

Specific Revolutions and Movements

(Existing movements and added with detailed information):*
American Revolution (1775–1783): Colonial revolt against British rule inspired by Enlightenment principles. Established the United States as an independent nation. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson; Declaration of Independence
French Revolution (1789–1799): Overthrew the monarchy, abolished feudal privileges, sought to establish a society based on liberty, equality, and fraternity; led to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen (1791)
Haitian Revolution (1791–1804): Successful slave revolt inspired by Enlightenment and French Revolution, abolished slavery, established Haiti as first independent Black republic.
Great Jamaica Revolt (1831–1832): Massive slave rebellion contributing to British abolition of slavery.
Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion (1810–1815): Mexican independence movement inspired by Enlightenment and indigenous/mestizo struggles.
Latin American Revolutions (early 19th century): Series of independence movements inspired by Enlightenment, American and French Revolutions. Letter from Jamaica, 1815
Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821): Hidalgo issued the Grito de Dolores, Morelos continued the fight, Iturbide declared Mexican independence; independence from Spain.
Venezuelan War of Independence (1811–1823): Simón Bolívar's campaigns to establish Venezuela's independence
Colombian Independence (1810–1822): Simón Bolívar's campaigns liberating Colombia incorporating it into Gran Colombia (short-lived federation).
Argentinian War of Independence (1810–1818): José de San Martín achieved independence, Argentinian base for liberation movements in southern South America.
Chilean War of Independence (1817–1826): Army of the Andes, led by San Martín and O’Higgins, defeated Spanish forces
Peruvian War of Independence (1811–1824): San Martín declared independence in 1821 and Bolívar's forces securing Peru's independence after decisive victories including the Battle of Ayacucho (1824); final collapse of Spanish authority.
Brazilian Independence (1822): Relatively peaceful declaration by Dom Pedro I, a member of the Portuguese royal family.
Paraguayan Independence (1811): Declared independence, isolated but independent nation.
Uruguayan Independence (1811–1828): Fought against Spanish, Brazilian, and Argentinian forces to maintain autonomy; achieved independence through British mediation.
Maori Nationalism (New Zealand): Indigenous resistance to British colonization, King Movement (Kīngitanga).
Propaganda Movement (Philippines): Led by Filipino intellectuals like José Rizal and Graciano López Jaena.
Balkan Nationalisms: Desire for independence from Ottoman Empire, shaped by Enlightenment and Romantic ideals.
Ottomanism: Ideology to unify diverse populations by emphasizing loyalty to the state.
Abolition Movement – Slavery & Serfdom: Ended slavery and serfdom, inspired by Enlightenment.

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Explore the key concepts of the Enlightenment, a pivotal 17th and 18th-century movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism towards traditional authorities. This quiz also delves into empiricism and social contract theory, highlighting the contributions of thinkers like John Locke and Voltaire.