English Grammar: Parts of Speech and Pronouns

Study Notes

Nouns are words that refer to people, places, or things.
Common nouns refer to general people, places, or things (e.g., boy, country).
Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, or things (e.g., Steven, Africa).
Concrete nouns refer to things that can be physically perceived (e.g., dog, building).
Abstract nouns refer to ideas, qualities, or conditions that cannot be physically perceived (e.g., truth, happiness).
Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things (e.g., audience, family).
Count nouns can be counted (e.g., dog, book).
Mass nouns cannot be counted (e.g., water, air).

Pronouns are words that replace nouns.
Every pronoun must have a clear antecedent, the word the pronoun refers to.
Pronouns have singular and plural forms for different persons (first, second, third).

Verbs express action or state of being.
Action verbs show action (e.g., give, eat, walk).
Linking verbs connect the subject to a noun or adjective that describes the subject (e.g., become, appear).
Helping verbs come before main verbs to convey additional information about the action (e.g., can, could, will).

Simple present: describes a general truth or habitual action.
Simple past: describes a completed action that occurred in the past.
Simple future: describes an action that will happen in the future.
Present continuous: describes an action happening now.
Past continuous: describes an action that was happening in the past.
Future continuous: describes an action that will be happening in the future.
Present perfect: describes an action completed before now.
Past perfect: describes an action completed before another past action.
Future perfect: describes an action that will be completed before another future action.

Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns.
Adjectives can be used to indicate a variety of qualities, including size, shape, color, and origin.

Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence (e.g., at, in, on).

Conditionals express a relationship between a condition and a result..
Zero conditional: expresses a universal truth or when one action always follows another
First conditional: expresses a future scenario that might occur
Second conditional: expresses a future scenario that is unlikely to occur
Third conditional: expresses an unreal situation in the past.