Structure of English PDF

**STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH** **LET Competencies:** A. Demonstrate the understanding of grammatical concepts by being able to describe and analyze the form, meaning and use of various language structures. **PART I. PART OF SPEECH** A. **NOUN** 1. **Common noun** A common noun is a no...

**STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH** **LET Competencies:** A. Demonstrate the understanding of grammatical concepts by being able to describe and analyze the form, meaning and use of various language structures. **PART I. PART OF SPEECH** A. **NOUN** 1. **Common noun** A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general, e.g. boy, country, bridge, city, birth, day, happiness. 2. **Proper noun** A proper noun is a name that identifies a [particular](https://www.lexico.com/definition/particular) person, place, or thing, e.g. Steven, Africa, London, Monday. In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters. 3. **Concrete noun** A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist [physically](https://www.lexico.com/definition/physical) and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted. Examples include dog, building, coffee, tree, rain, beach, tune. 4. **Abstract noun** An [abstract](https://www.lexico.com/definition/abstract) noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and [conditions](https://www.lexico.com/definition/condition#condition__6) - things that cannot be seen or touched and things which have no [physical](https://www.lexico.com/definition/physical) reality, e.g. truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship, humour. 5. **Collective nouns** Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g. audience, family, government, team, jury. In American English, most collective nouns are treated as singular, with a singular verb: The whole family was at the table. In British English, the preceding sentence would be correct, but it would also be correct to treat the collective noun as a plural, with a plural verb: The whole family were at the table. ** A noun may belong to more than one [category](https://www.lexico.com/definition/category). For example, happiness is both a common noun and an abstract noun, while Mount Everest is both a concrete noun and a proper noun.** 6. **Count and mass nouns** Nouns can be either [countable](https://www.lexico.com/definition/countable) or [uncountable](https://www.lexico.com/definition/uncountable). Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those that refer to something that can be counted. Uncountable nouns (or mass nouns) do not typically refer to things that can be counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form. B. **PRONOUN** Pronouns are words that substitute for [[nouns]](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/nouns.htm). Every pronoun must have a clear [[antecedent ]](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/pro_antagree.htm#_antecedent_)(the word for which the pronoun stands). 1. **Personal Pronoun** -takes the place of people or things. They can be either singular or plural, depending whether they refer to one or multiple nouns. 2. ### **Possessive pronouns** *Possessive pronouns* are personal pronouns that also indicate possession of something ### **Relative pronouns** A *relative pronoun* starts a *[clause]* (a group of words that refer to a noun). *Who*, whom,  *that*, and *which* are all relative pronouns. They can also serve as other types of pronouns, depending on the sentence. "I saw the dog **that** you own," the relative pronoun *that* is the beginning of the clause *that you own*, which describes the dog. ### **Reflexive pronouns** When a subject performs an action on itself, the sentence uses a *reflexive pronoun* after the verb. Reflexive pronouns include *myself*, *himself*, themselves, and *herself*. "I kicked **myself**." ### **Intensive pronouns** Intensive pronouns are similar to reflexive pronouns, but have a different function in a sentence. An intensive pronoun is not a necessary part of a sentence and serves only to add emphasis to its antecedent. I told the children that you yourself would bake the cake today. 6. **Demonstrative Pronoun**s This type of pronoun is used to indicate something, the words in the category are these, those, that, this. These are the shoes that I am going to wear. He likes the green flowers but he prefers those red ones over there. 7. **Indefinite Pronoun** The indefinite pronoun is used to talk about something which is not specific. Words in the category are some, all, few, none, either, one, nobody, both, each, anyone, several etc. 1. Nobody is going to the party. 2. There are several people in my class. 3. I like both of these photos. **ANAPHORIC, CATAPHORIC AND EXOPHORIC REFERENCING** **Anaphoric reference** occurs when a word or phrase refers to something mentioned earlier in the discourse. Michael went to the bank. He was annoyed because it was closed. **Anaphoric reference** occurs when a word or phrase refers to something mentioned earlier in the discourse. Michael went to the bank. He was annoyed because it was closed. **Exophoric reference** occurs when a word or phrase refers to something outside the discourse. "They're late again, can you believe it?"\ "I know! Well, they'd better get here soon or it'll get cold." They refers to some people outside the discourse known to both speakers.\ It also refers to something that both speakers know about (perhaps the dinner). **CASES OF PRONOUN** - Nominative case: pronouns used as subject. 1. I have a big chocolate bar. 2. You have some ice cream. - Objective case: pronouns used as objects of verbs or prepositions. 1. You could give it to him , instead. 2. Please share it with all of us . - - Possessive case: pronouns which express ownership. 1. It's their house. 2. The dog is scratching its ear. C. **VERB** Verbs are words that express action or state of being There are three types of verbs: action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs. 1. **Types of Verbs** **Action verbs** These are words that express action (give, eat, walk, etc.) or possession (have, own, etc.). Action verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. **Linking Verbs** A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective that renames or describes thesubject. This noun or adjective is called the subject complement. EXAMPLE: 1. 2. 3. 4. **Helping Verbs** Helping verbs are used before action or linking verbs to convey additional information regarding aspects of possibility (can, could, etc.) or time (was, did, has, etc.). The main verb with its accompanying helping verb is called a verb phrase. 1. 2. The following words, called modals, always function as helping verbs: **Can, may, must, shall, will, could, might, ought to, should, would** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **;Simple Present** | **Simple Past** | **Simple Future** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | I read nearly every | Last night, I read an | I will read as much | | day. | entire novel. | as I can this year. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Present | **Past Continuous** | **Future Continuous** | | Continuous** | | | | | *[Was/ were + | *[Will+be+ | | *[Is/are,am+ | verb-ing] | verb-ing] | | verb-ing] | * | * | | * | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | I am | I was reading Edgar | I will be | | reading Shakespeare | Allan Poe last night. | reading Nathaniel | | at the moment. | | Hawthorne soon. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Present Perfect** | **Past Perfect** | **Future Perfect** | | | | | | *[Has/Have+Past | *[Had +Past | *[Will+Have+Past | | Participle]{.underlin | Participle]{.underlin | Participle]{.underlin | | e}* | e}* | e}* | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | I have read so many | I had read at least | I will have read at | | books I can't keep | 100 books by the time | least 500 books by | | count. | I was twelve. | the end of the year. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Present Perfect | **Past Perfect | **Future Perfect | | Continuous** | Continuous** | Continuous** | | | | | | *[Has/have + been+ | *[Had + been+ | *[Will+ have + been+ | | verb-ing] | verb-ing] | verb-ing] | | * | * | * | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | I have been | I had been | I will have been | | reading since I was | reading for at least | reading for at least | | four years old. | a year before my | two hours before | | | sister learned to | dinner tonight. | | | read. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **SIMPLE TENSES** 1. **Simple present: **Use the simple present to describe a general truth or a habitual action. This tense indicates that the statement is generally true in the past, present, and future. **Example:** The hospital **admits** patients whether or not they have proof of insurance. 2. **Simple past**: Use the simple past tense to describe a completed action that took place at a specific point in the past (e.g., last year, 1 hour ago, last Sunday). In the example below, the specific point of time in the past is 1998. **Example:** Zimbardo (1998) **researched** many aspects of social psychology. 3. **Future:** Use the future to describe an action that will take place at a particular point in the future (at Walden, this is used especially when writing a proposal for a doctoral capstone study). **Example:** I **will conduct** semi structured interviews. **PERFECT TENSE** **Present Perfect:** It is used to show an action that started in the past and has just finished. **Example**: She has written a letter. **Past Perfect Tense:** Used to describe an action completed before a certain moment in the past, usually along time ago. If two actions happened in the past, past perfect is used to show the action that took place earlier. Example:The patient had died before the doctor came **Future Perfect Tense** It is used to express an action which will happen/occur in future and will be completed by a certain time in future. We use the future perfect to say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future. e.g. They will have shifted the house by Sunday morning. **PROGRESSIVE TENSE** **Present progressive** The present progressive tense is used to show an ongoing event that is happening at the moment of speaking orwriting. The present progressive tense is formed by using am, is, or are with the verb form ending in --ing. Example: The children are sleeping. **Past progressive** The past progressive tense is used to show a past event that was happening when another event occurred. The past progressive tense is formed by using was or were with the verb form ending in --ing. Example: The children were sleeping when we arrived. **Future progressive** The future progressive tense is used to show an ongoing or continuous event that will take place in the future. The future progressive tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb form ending in --ing. Example: The children will be sleeping when we arrive. **PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE** **Present perfect progressive** The present perfect progressive tense is used to show an event that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue in the future. The present perfect progressive tense is form by using has been or have been with the present participle verb form ending in --ing. Example: The children have been sleeping. **Past perfect progressive** The past perfect progressive tense is used to show a past, ongoing event that was completed before another past event. The past perfect progressive tense is formed by using had been with the present perfect verb form ending in -ing. Example: The children had been sleeping when we arrived. **Future perfect progressive** The future perfect progressive tense is used to show a future, ongoing event that will happen before a specified future time. The future perfect progressive tense is formed by using will have been and the present participle verb form ending in --ing. Example: The children will have been sleeping. D. **ADJECTIVES** Adjectives are words that describe nouns (or pronouns). +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Placement** | **Type of Adjective** | **Examples** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 1 | · | · a, an, the | | | [Article](https://www | | | |.grammar-monster.com/ | · this, that, those, | | | glossary/articles.htm | these | | | ), | | | | | · my, your, his, our | | | · [Demonstrative | | | | Determiner](https://w | | | | ww.grammar-monster.co | | | | m/glossary/demonstrat | | | | ive_adjective.htm), | | | | or | | | | | | | | · [Possessive | | | | Determiner](https://w | | | | ww.grammar-monster.co | | | | m/glossary/possessive | | | | _adjectives.htm) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 2 | Quantity | one, three, | | | | ninety-nine | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 3 | Opinion or | beautiful, clever, | | | Observation | witty, well-mannered | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 4 | Size | big, medium-sized, | | | | small | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 5 | Physical Quality | thin, lumpy, | | | | cluttered | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 6 | Shape | square, round, long | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 7 | Age | young, middle-aged, | | | | old | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 8 | Colour/Color | red, blue, purple | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 9 | Origin or Religion | French, Buddhist | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 10 | Material | metal, leather, | | | | wooden | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 11 | Type | L-shaped, two-sided, | | | | all-purpose | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | 12 | · Purpose, or | · mixing, drinking, | | | | cooking | | | · Attributive Noun | | | | | · service, football, | | | | head | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **EXAMPLE:** 1. A handmade mixing bowl 2. Those unsold goalkeeper gloves 3. My first yellow taxi cab 4. I love that really big old green antique car that always parked at the end of the street. 5. My sister adopted a beautiful big white bulldog. E. **PREPOSITION:** --------------- --------------------- --------------------- at 3 o\'clock in May on Sunday at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays at noon in the summer on 6 March at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010 at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday at the moment in the past/future on New Year\'s Eve --------------- --------------------- --------------------- **TIME:** A. **At : Precise Time. Noon, Midnight, Holidays without day** 1. I have a meeting at 9am. 2. The shop closes at midnight. 3. Jane went home at lunchtime. B. **In; Months, Years, Centuries and Long Periods, Parts of the day (morning),** 1. In England, it often snows in December. 2. Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future? 3. There should be a lot of progress in the next century. C. **On: Days and Dates, dates, My birthday, Holiday with DAY** 1. Do you work on Mondays? 2. Her birthday is on 20 November. 3. Where will you be on New Year\'s Day? +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Expression | Example | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | at night | The stars shine at night. | | | | | at the weekend\* | I don\'t usually work at the | | | weekend. | | at Christmas\*/Easter | | | | I stay with my family at | | at the same time | Christmas. | | | | | at present | We finished the test at the same | | | time. | | | | | | He\'s not home at present. Try | | | later. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ -- -- **Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | in | on | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | in the morning | on Tuesday morning | | | | | in the afternoon(s) | on Sunday afternoon(s) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.** I went to London last June. (not in last June) **PLACE:** **AT: Specific location or specific point** 1. Meet me at the end of the road 2. She is waiting at the entrance 3. At the bus stop **ON : Street, Avenues, Islands (Fiji) Surface, large vehicles (ship,bus train,plane),screen** 1. On the table 2. On a horse **IN: Enclosed Space, Countries, town , Transportation (car, taxi, helicopter, boat)** 1. In the london 2. In the box 3. In my pocket 4. In a building **Other Preposition:** - **In front of: **This is used to denote that something/someone is standing in front of other person/object. For instance: The lecturer stands **in front of** the students. - **Behind: **It is used to express opposite connotation of In front of. It means at the back (part) of something/someone. For instance: The car was parked **behind** the gate. - **Between** is used for two objects or things (or places). For instance: There are mountains **between** Chile and Argentina. - **Among **is used for more than two persons / things. For instance: The chief guest distributed prizes **among** the top performers. - **Across from/opposite** is similar to conveying that someone (or a place) is on the other side of something. For instance: The girl lives **across from** a temple. - **Next to** and **beside** refer to an object or a person that is at the side of another thing. For instance: A security personnel stands **next to** the entrance gate. **Near** and **close to** carry same connotation as next to / beside. The only difference is the distance. 'Next to' is used to express a short distance, while 'near' is used to highlight a longer distance. For instance: The bus stop is **near** the bank. - **Above** and **over** mean position higher than a reference point. In other words, 'above' or 'over' mean at a higher position than other object or person. For instance: They put an umbrella **over** the table to avoid heat from the sun rays. **Over can also mean 'covering the surface of something'** For instance: The mud is spread all **over** the floor. - **Under** and **below** mean at a lower level w.r.t someone/something. For instance: A river flows **under** a bridge. Sometimes we use the word underneath instead of under and beneath instead of below. There is no difference in meaning those they are less common nowadays. - **Of/Off** **'Of' **denotes origin or cause, while **'off'** denotes separation. F. **CONJUNCTION** A Conjunction is a word that joins parts of a sentence, [phrases](https://www.toppr.com/guides/english-language/vocabulary/phrases/) or other words together. Conjunctions are used as single words or in pairs. Example: and, but, or are used by themselves, whereas, neither/nor, either/or are conjunction pairs. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. A. **Sentence structure** Simple Sentence Structure ------------------------- A **simple sentence** consists of one independent clause. (An independent clause contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.) - ***I like coffee.*** Compound Sentence Structure --------------------------- A [[compound sentence]](https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/sentence/compound-sentence.htm) is two (or more) independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semi-colon. Each of these clauses could form a sentence alone. - ***I like coffee and Mary likes tea.*** There are seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so Complex Sentence Structure -------------------------- A **complex sentence** consists of an independent clause plus a dependent clause. (A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun, and contains a subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought.) - ***We missed our plane because we were late.*** Here are some common subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while Here are the five basic relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose Compound-Complex Sentence Structure ----------------------------------- A **compound-complex sentence** consists of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. - ***John didn\'t come because he was ill so Mary was not happy.*** G. [**INTERJECTION**](https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/interjections/what-is-an-interjection.html) An [interjection](https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/interjections/what-is-an-interjection.html) is a part of speech that demonstrates the emotion or feeling of the author. These words or phrases can stand alone, or be placed before or after a sentence.  **PART II. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT** 1. **Subjects and verbs must agree in number.** A. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too. B. **If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural.** 2. **When the subject of the sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb.** 3. **When there is one subject and more than one verb, the verbs throughout the sentence must agree with the subject.** 4. **When a phrase comes between the subject and the verb, remember that the verb still agrees with the subject, not the noun or pronoun in the phrase following the subject of the sentence.** 5. **When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by \"or\" or \"nor,\" use a singular verb.(neither/nor, either/or/ not only/but also)** 6. **When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by \"or\" or \"nor,\" the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is closest to the verb. This is also called the rule of proximity. (neither/nor, either/or/ not only/but also)** 7. **The words and phrases \"each,\" \"each one,\" \"either,\" \"neither,\" \"everyone,\" \"everybody,\" \"anyone,\" \"anybody,\" \"nobody,\" \"somebody,\" \"someone,\" and \"no one\" are singular and require a singular verb.** 8. **[[Noncount nouns]](https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/formandstyle/writing/grammarmechanics/nouns#s-lg-box-18085220) take a singular verb.** 9. **Some countable nouns in English such as earnings, goods, odds, surroundings, proceeds, contents, and valuables only have a plural form and take a plural verb.** 10. **.In sentences beginning with \"there is\" or \"there are,\" the subject follows the verb. Since \"there\" is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows the verb.** 11. **Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but are considered singular and take a singular verb. Some examples are \"group,\" \"team,\" \"committee,\" \"family,\" and \"class.\"** However, the plural verb is used if the focus is on the individuals in the group. This is much less common. 12. **The exceptions to the above rule include the [pronouns](https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/pronouns/types-of-pronouns.html) \"few,\" \"many,\" \"several,\" \"both,\" \"all,\" and \"some.\" These always take the plural form.** **Few** *were* left alive after the flood. 13. **The only time the [object of the preposition](https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/prepositions/rules-for-prepositions.html) decides plural or singular verb forms is when noun and pronoun subjects like \"some,\" \"half,\" \"none,\" \"more,\" or \"all\" are followed by a prepositional phrase. Then the object of the preposition determines the form of the verb.** 14. **The singular verb form is usually reserved for units of measurement or time.** **15. Titles of books, movies, novels, and other similar works are treated as singular and take a singular verb.** **Part III. Parallelism** ### Definition of parallelism The balance between two or more similar words, phrases or clauses is called parallelism in grammar. Parallelism is also called parallel structure or parallel construction. Parallel construction prevents awkwardness, promotes clarity and improves writing style and readability. ### Rules of parallelism 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. **Part IV. CONDITIONALS** **What Are Conditionals?** In short, conditionals are statements that describe both hypothetical and real scenarios. They are often referred to as "if clauses" because they often begin the same way. Here are a few examples: - **General truth -- If I eat breakfast, I feel good all day.** - **Future event -- If I have a test tomorrow, I will study tonight.** - **Hypothetical situation -- If I had a million dollars, I would buy a boat!** - **Hypothetical outcome -- If I had prepared for the interview, I would have gotten the job.** **Four Types of Conditionals** There are 4 basic types of conditionals: zero, first, second, and third. 1. **The Zero Conditional** **The zero conditional expresses something that is considered to be a universal truth or when one action always follows another.** ***if (or when) + present tense \| present tense*** ***if (or when) + past tense \| past tense*** 1. When I did my homework, my teacher was happy.\* 2. If the temperature reaches zero degrees Celsius, water freezes. 3. My mom comforted me when I got scared.\* 4. If you mix red and yellow, you get orange. **As you might have noticed, the order of clauses is not fixed in the conditional. However, if you move "if" or "when" to the middle of the sentence, you must remove the comma. This rule applies to all 4 types.** **\*Note: The zero conditional is the only type of conditional in which "when" can replace "if."** 2. **The First Conditional** **The first conditional expresses a future scenario that might occur. Assuming that the condition is fulfilled, the outcome is likely to happen.** ***if + present tense \| will (may/might/can/could/should) + infinitive*** 1. If I get paid today, I will go shopping. ("Will" implies near certainty about the shopping trip in case the condition is fulfilled) 2. We could go to Paris if we save enough money. ("Could" indicates that the result is possible.) 3. If she knows the truth, she might not be happy. ("Might" implies a degree of uncertainty about her happiness in case the condition is fulfilled.) 4. They can do it if they try. ("Can" indicates that the result is possible.) 5. If I see the man, I may say something to him. ("May" implies a degree of uncertainty about saying something to him in case the condition is fulfilled.) 6. He should get a dog if he is lonely. ("Should" indicates that the speaker is giving their opinion.) **This type refers to general truths, while the first conditional refers to specific situations. Though "will" is most commonly used in the first conditional, you can also use "may," "might," "can," "could," or "should." However, as outlined above, each of these [modal verbs](https://magoosh.com/english-speaking/modal-verbs-and-their-expressive-forms/) can change the meaning of the sentence.** 3. **The Second Conditional** **The second conditional can either refer to future hypotheticals that are unlikely to be true or present situations that are untrue or impossible.** ***if + past subjunctive \| would/might/could + infinitive (simple or continuous)*** ***\*if + simple past \| would/might/could + infinitive (simple or continuous)*** 1. If I were rich, I would travel the world. 2. If she were to try harder, she might get better grades. 3. They might be able to see it if they were more observant. 4. If I met the President, I would be too nervous to speak. 5. If he played sports, he might be in better shape. 6. He could get the promotion if he knew the right people. Though the second resembles the first conditional in meaning, their structures are distinct. Moreover, the first conditional usually refers to future events that are likely to happen, while the second refers to events that are unlikely to happen (or current impossibilities). 4. **The Third Conditional** **The third conditional expresses an unreal situation in the past, with reference to the hypothetical outcome that would result also in the past.** ***if + past perfect subjunctive \| would (could/might) + perfect infinitive*** ***\*if + past perfect \| would (could/might) + perfect infinitive*** 1. If I had known how you were going to react, I would have kept my mouth shut. 2. If you had seen the movie, we could have talked about the ending. 3. We might have crossed paths if I had left the house on time. Both the second and third conditionals can refer to impossible events. However, the second refers to impossibilities in the present ("If I were you..."), while the third refers to impossibilities in the past. The situations expressed in the third conditional are impossible because they already transpired and therefore cannot be changed. REFERENCES: [[https://www.lexico.com/grammar/types-of-noun]](https://www.lexico.com/grammar/types-of-noun) [[https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/what-are-the-types-of-pronouns/https://www.uvu.edu/writingcenter/docs/handouts/grammar/typesofverbs.pdf]](https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/what-are-the-types-of-pronouns/https:/www.uvu.edu/writingcenter/docs/handouts/grammar/typesofverbs.pdf) [[http://www.southeastern.edu/acad\_research/programs/writing\_center/handouts/pdf\_handouts/verbs.pdf]](http://www.southeastern.edu/acad_research/programs/writing_center/handouts/pdf_handouts/verbs.pdf) [[https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/adjectives/order-of-adjectives/]](https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/adjectives/order-of-adjectives/) [[https://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/order\_of\_adjectives.htm]](https://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/order_of_adjectives.htm) [[https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions-at-in-on-time.htm]](https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions-at-in-on-time.htm) [[https://blog.careerlauncher.com/12-commonly-used-prepositions-english-grammar/]](https://blog.careerlauncher.com/12-commonly-used-prepositions-english-grammar/) [[https://magoosh.com/english-speaking/the-four-types-of-conditionals-and-how-to-use-them/]](https://magoosh.com/english-speaking/the-four-types-of-conditionals-and-how-to-use-them/) https://www.eslbase.com/tefl-a-z/referencing