42 Questions
What is the result of lipolysis?
Increased availability of free fatty acid as fuel
What is the primary role of AMPK in energy homeostasis?
To enhance ATP-producing processes
What is the primary source of energy for muscle contraction during anaerobic glycolysis?
Glycolysis
What is produced during anaerobic glycolysis in the muscle?
Lactate
What is the role of the liver during the recovery phase?
To replenish glucose supply in the exercising muscle
What is the Cori Cycle?
A cycle that utilizes lactate to produce glucose
What impairs energy homeostasis?
Hypoxia
What is the role of epinephrine and glucagon?
To promote CHO and lipid metabolism
What happens to oxaloacetate in the gluconeogenesis process?
It serves as a substrate for PEPCK
What is the effect of glucagon on ACC1?
It phosphorylates ACC1, inhibiting fatty acid synthesis
What is the effect of glucagon on HSL?
It phosphorylates HSL, enhancing TAGs breakdown
What happens to glycerol in the liver?
It is converted into glycerol-3-phosphate
What is the effect of Kris' diet on his BMI?
It lowers his BMI
What is the likely reason for Kris' lethargy at the ER?
Hypoglycemia
What is the impact of Kris' lifestyle on his energy metabolism?
It decreases his energy expenditure
What advice should be given to Kris to prevent a recurrence of his ER visit?
Increase his caloric intake and balance his diet
Why does Jyllo's early morning blood sugar remain elevated?
Decreased glucose uptake in muscles and adipose tissue
What is the biochemical basis of metformin's action in controlling blood sugar in type 2 DM?
Increased glucose uptake in muscles and adipose tissue
What could be the reason behind Jyllo's rapid weight loss?
Increased lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
What is Ally's most likely diagnosis?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
What did Ally experience at the concert grounds?
Hypoglycemia
What would be Ally's expected laboratory results in the ER?
Low random blood sugar, acidic venous blood gases, and low serum sodium
Why did Ally experience dizziness and fainting at the concert grounds?
Hypoglycemia due to insulin injection
What is the primary source of fuel for the brain?
Glucose
What is the primary goal of the metabolic response to stress?
To provide glucose for the brain
What happens to anabolic pathways during stress?
They are suppressed
What is the effect of epinephrine and glucagon on insulin secretion?
They inhibit insulin secretion
What is the outcome of increased cortisol levels during stress?
Hypercatabolic state
What is the effect of stress on insulin resistance?
It increases insulin resistance
What is the main source of energy during stress?
Glucose, fatty acids, and protein catabolism
What is the effect of stress on glucagon levels?
It increases glucagon levels
What is the effect of stress on protein synthesis?
It inhibits protein synthesis
What is the outcome of suppressed anabolic pathways during stress?
Stimulation of catabolic pathways
What is the role of epinephrine during stress?
It stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
What is the key enzyme involved in glyceroneogenesis?
PEPCK
What happens to NAD+ in patients who are alcoholics?
It is converted to NADH
What is the product of glyceroneogenesis?
Glycerol-3-phosphate
In the starved state, what happens to glucose levels in the blood of uncontrolled Type 2 DM patients?
They increase
What is the effect of metformin on JG's condition?
It decreases his blood sugar levels
Why does JG still have elevated blood sugar levels?
He has uncontrolled gluconeogenesis
What is the purpose of PEPCK in glyceroneogenesis?
To catalyze the reaction of glyceroneogenesis
What is the effect of glyceroneogenesis on TAGs?
It increases TAGs
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