125 Questions
What is the function of ribosomes?
Contributing to the synthesis of cellular proteins by translating information from nuclear DNA
Where are ribosomes located in prokaryotic cells?
Freely in the cytoplasm with a sedimentation rate of 70S
How are ribosomes of eukaryotic cells associated with membranous structures?
They associate with the endoplasmic reticulum
What gives ribosomes a strong basophilic appearance under the light microscope?
Phosphate radicals and ribosomal RNA in their structure that have affinity for cationic or basic dyes
Who first described ribosomes?
George Palade
What are ribosomes made up of?
Ribonucleic acids (RNA) and proteins
Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of polysaccharides?
Golgi complex
Where do mitochondria primarily function?
Energy production
What is a characteristic of the Golgi complex vesicles?
Can be observed using histochemical and histoenzymological techniques
What is a characteristic of the matrix space within mitochondria?
Contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, protein inclusions, and dense granules
Which organelle plays a role in cell membrane turnover?
Golgi complex
What did Altmann first describe in 1894?
Mitochondria
What is a characteristic of the size and shape of mitochondria?
0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width, with two membranes and folded inner membranes
What are the dimensions of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?
250 by 150Å
Which components are essential for rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Membrane unit, ribosomes, and ribophorins
What is the role of 28S RNA in ribosomal subunits?
It is associated with proteins and involved in protein synthesis
What is the relationship between rough endoplasmic reticulum and the cytoplasmic vacuolar system?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has a relationship with the cytoplasmic vacuolar system
What happens to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the case of high protein synthesis activity?
It is observed to have dilated cisterns
What is the function of ribophorins in rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Couple ribosomes and evacuate proteins formed by polysomes
Which organelle is directly related to the nuclear envelope?
Golgi complex
What are the specific functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
Synthesis of steroids and storage of triglycerides
What unique arrangements can smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) adopt?
Concentric circles around liposomes in steroid-producing cells
What is the range of the Golgi complex lumen?
200 to 300 Å
What is the role of clathrin-coated vesicles in relation to the Golgi complex?
Attach to the convex forming cis-face of the Golgi sacs
What is the main function of the Golgi complex?
Modification and sorting of proteins and lipids
Ribosomes were first described by George Palade in 1953 and so they were called particle of Palade.
True
Ribosomes have a sedimentation rate of 70S in eukaryotic cells.
False
The strong basophilic appearance of ribosomes under the light microscope is due to the presence of phosphate radicals and ribosomal RNA in their structure.
True
Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells associate with the membranous structures of the endoplasmic reticulum.
True
Ribosomes are present only in animal cells.
False
Ribosomes contribute to the synthesis of cellular proteins by translating information from mitochondrial DNA.
False
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) always forms vesicles and sinuous canaliculi in the cell
False
Golgi complex consists of 4 to 8 stacked flattened sacs and cisternae
True
The Golgi complex lumen ranges from 200 to 300 $Å$
True
Clathrin-coated vesicles attach to the concave forming cis-face of the Golgi sacs
False
The Golgi complex is not involved in the modification and sorting of proteins and lipids
False
The Golgi complex plays a role in the synthesis of steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids
False
Ribosomes are 250 by 150Å in size
True
Both ribosomal subunits contain 28S RNA and 18S RNA
True
Endoplasmic reticulum can be rough (granular) or smooth (agranular), depending on its association with ribosomes
True
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and consists of cisternae with ribosomes, which can take various forms
True
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is observed to have dilated cisterns in the case of high protein synthesis activity
True
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is related to the formation of transfer vesicles between the reticulum and the Golgi complex
True
Mitochondria are not involved in glucose degradation
False
The Golgi complex is primarily responsible for energy production within the cell
False
The Golgi complex can be observed under light microscopy using specific dyes
True
The matrix space within mitochondria contains only DNA and RNA
False
Mitochondria do not exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell
False
The Golgi complex plays a role in synthesizing polysaccharides
True
Both Golgi complex and mitochondria are essential organelles with distinct roles in cellular functions
True
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) does not have ______ and forms vesicles and sinuous canaliculi in the cell, often corresponding to terminal areas of rough reticulum
ribosomes
Golgi complex, observed by Camillo Golgi, is a membranous system directly related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the ______ envelope
nuclear
The number of Golgi sacs varies between 4 and 8, with a thicker membrane than the endoplasmic reticulum, and a lumen ranging from 200 to 300 ______
$Å$
Transfer vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, coated with the protein clathrin, contain synthesised substances to be processed in the Golgi ______
complex
The Golgi complex is involved in processing and transforming synthesised substances, and the sacs tend to dilate towards the ends, forming waste ______
vesicles
Golgi complex plays a crucial role in the modification and sorting of proteins and lipids, as well as in the formation of ______ and secretory vesicles
lysosomes
Mitochondria are typically 0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width, with ______ membranes and folded inner membranes.
two
The matrix space within mitochondria contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, protein inclusions, and dense granules, where most mitochondrial activities ______.
occur
Golgi complex vesicles can be observed using histochemical and histoenzymological techniques, showing positive reactions for specific enzymes and ______.
dyes
Mitochondria are involved in ______ phosphorylation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glucose degradation, the Krebs cycle, and other cellular functions.
oxidative
The Golgi complex is responsible for the formation of secretory granules and is involved in the synthesis of ______, while mitochondria primarily function in energy production.
polysaccharides
Mitochondria exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell and are typically located in areas where energy is highly needed, such as muscle fibers and the ______.
retina
Both Golgi complex and mitochondria play crucial roles in cellular processes, including the synthesis, concentration, and ______ of substances, as well as energy production.
secretion
Ribosomes were first described by ______ in 1953
George Palade
Ribosomes are 250 by 150Å in size and consist of two subunits, 60S and 40S, in eukaryotic cells. Both ribosomal subunits contain 28S RNA and 18S RNA, associated with proteins, and are involved in protein synthesis.
ribosomes
Ribosomes can form polyribosomes or polysomes with ______ and may attach to endoplasmic reticulum membranes to form rough endoplasmic reticulum.
mRNA
The sedimentation rate of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells is ______
70S
The sedimentation rate of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells is ______
80S
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and consists of cisternae with ______, which can take various forms.
ribosomes
The essential components of rough endoplasmic reticulum are its membrane unit, ribosomes, and ______, which couple ribosomes and evacuate proteins formed by polysomes.
ribophorins
The strong basophilic appearance of ribosomes under the light microscope is due to the presence of ______ in their structure
phosphate radicals and ribosomal RNA
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is observed to have dilated ______ in the case of high protein synthesis activity.
cisterns
Ribosomes contribute to the synthesis of cellular proteins by translating information from ______
nuclear DNA
The ribosomes of eukaryotic cells associate with the membranous structures of the ______
endoplasmic reticulum
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is related to the formation of transfer vesicles between the reticulum and the ______ complex.
Golgi
Match the following components with their association in the rough endoplasmic reticulum:
Ribosomes = Couple ribosomes and evacuate proteins formed by polysomes Ribophorins = Form rough endoplasmic reticulum and evacuate proteins formed by polysomes Cisternae with ribosomes = Involved in protein synthesis and has a relationship with the cytoplasmic vacuolar system and the cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum membranes = May attach to ribosomes to form rough endoplasmic reticulum
Match the following organelle characteristics with their correct organelles:
250 by 150Å in size = Ribosomes Rough and smooth types = Endoplasmic reticulum Dilated cisterns in case of high protein synthesis activity = Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ranges from 200 to 300 $Å$ in lumen = Golgi complex
Match the following organelle functions with their respective organelles:
Involved in protein synthesis = Ribosomes Formation of transfer vesicles between the reticulum and the Golgi complex = Rough endoplasmic reticulum Processing and transforming synthesized substances = Golgi complex Involved in energy production = Mitochondria
Match the following organelle movements with their locations within the cell:
Exhibit extrinsic movements and located in areas where energy is highly needed = Mitochondria Can form polyribosomes or polysomes with mRNA and may attach to endoplasmic reticulum membranes = Ribosomes Responsible for the synthesis of polysaccharides = Golgi complex Associated with the cytoplasmic vacuolar system and the cytoskeleton = Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Match the following organelle descriptions with their correct organelles:
Associated with proteins and involved in protein synthesis = Ribosomes Can be rough or smooth, depending on association with ribosomes = Endoplasmic reticulum Essential components include membrane unit, ribosomes, and ribophorins = Rough endoplasmic reticulum Observed to have dilated cisterns in the case of high protein synthesis activity = Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Match the following organelle sizes with their correct organelles:
250 by 150Å = Ribosomes Ranges from 200 to 300 $Å$ in lumen = Golgi complex Variable, with dilated cisterns in case of high protein synthesis activity = Rough endoplasmic reticulum Variable, with rough and smooth types = Endoplasmic reticulum
Match the following organelle descriptions with their correct organelle:
Forms vesicles and sinuous canaliculi, involved in storage of proteins and synthesis of steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Consists of stacked flattened sacs and cisternae surrounded by vesicles, involved in modification and sorting of proteins and lipids = Golgi complex Does not have ribosomes and shares general functions with rough endoplasmic reticulum = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Directly related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope, involved in processing and transforming synthesized substances = Golgi complex
Match the following organelle functions with their correct organelle:
Degradation of toxic substances and storage of proteins = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Conduction of Ca$^{2+}$ ions involved in muscle contraction = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Involved in the formation of lysosomes and secretory vesicles = Golgi complex Involved in the modification and sorting of proteins and lipids = Golgi complex
Match the following organelle arrangements with their correct organelle:
Adopts unique arrangements such as concentric circles around liposomes in steroid-producing cells and anastomosed canaliculi in striated muscle cells = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Consists of stacked flattened sacs and cisternae surrounded by vesicles, exhibiting a manifest polarity with forming (cis-face) and maturating (trans-face) sides = Golgi complex Shares general functions with rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as specific functions like storage and conduction of Ca$^{2+}$ ions involved in muscle contraction = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Observation by Camillo Golgi, varies in location among cell types, with fractions dispersed around the nucleus in neurons = Golgi complex
Match the following vesicle descriptions with their correct organelle:
Vesicles and sinuous canaliculi in the cell, often corresponding to terminal areas of rough reticulum = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Transfer vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, coated with the protein clathrin, contain synthesized substances to be processed = Golgi complex Clathrin-coated vesicles attach to the convex forming cis-face of the Golgi sacs = Golgi complex Involved in the formation of waste vesicles = Golgi complex
Match the following descriptions of membranous system with their correct organelle:
Directly related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope = Golgi complex Does not have ribosomes and forms vesicles and sinuous canaliculi in the cell = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Involved in processing and transforming synthesized substances = Golgi complex Involved in storage of proteins and synthesis of steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Match the following organelle numbers with their correct organelle:
Varies between 4 and 8 stacked flattened sacs = Golgi complex Adopts unique arrangements such as concentric circles around liposomes in steroid-producing cells = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Involved in the formation of lysosomes and secretory vesicles = Golgi complex Shares general functions with rough endoplasmic reticulum = Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Match the following characteristics with the corresponding organelle:
Produces vesicles of different sizes and can be observed under light microscopy using specific dyes = Golgi Complex Plays a role in concentrating substances, synthesizing polysaccharides, forming secretory granule membranes, and cell membrane turnover = Golgi Complex Semi-autonomous structure involved in energy production and contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, protein inclusions, and dense granules = Mitochondria Exhibits extrinsic movements within the cell, varies in size and shape, typically 0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width, with two membranes and folded inner membranes = Mitochondria
Match the following functions with the corresponding organelle:
Responsible for the formation of secretory granules and synthesis of polysaccharides = Golgi Complex Primarily functions in energy production and involved in oxidative phosphorylation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glucose degradation, and the Krebs cycle = Mitochondria Plays a role in the synthesis, concentration, and secretion of substances = Both Golgi Complex and Mitochondria Involved in the synthesis of steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids = Golgi Complex
Match the following visualization methods with the corresponding organelle:
Can be observed under light microscopy using specific dyes = Golgi Complex Shows positive reactions for specific enzymes and dyes using histochemical and histoenzymological techniques = Golgi Complex Can be observed under specific visualization methods due to their unique structures and functions = Both Golgi Complex and Mitochondria Exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell and are typically located in areas where energy is highly needed = Mitochondria
Match the following constituents with the corresponding organelle:
Contains sacs that produce vesicles of different sizes = Golgi Complex Contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, protein inclusions, and dense granules = Mitochondria Plays a role in the concentration of protein substances = Mitochondria Is essential with distinct roles in cellular functions = Both Golgi Complex and Mitochondria
Match the following sizes and shapes with the corresponding organelle:
Varies in size and shape, typically 0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width, with two membranes and folded inner membranes = Mitochondria Consists of 4 to 8 stacked flattened sacs and cisternae = Golgi Complex Ranging from 200 to 300 $Å$ in lumen = Golgi Complex Roughly 250 by 150Å in size = Mitochondria
Match the following roles in cellular functions with the corresponding organelle:
Plays a role in synthesizing polysaccharides = Golgi Complex Involved in energy production and other cellular functions = Mitochondria Plays a role in the synthesis, concentration, and secretion of substances = Both Golgi Complex and Mitochondria Involved in the modification and sorting of proteins and lipids = Golgi Complex
Match the following specific roles with the corresponding organelle:
Plays a role in concentrating substances and synthesizing polysaccharides = Golgi Complex Plays a role in the synthesis, concentration, and secretion of substances = Both Golgi Complex and Mitochondria Involved in energy production and other cellular functions = Mitochondria Plays a role in the concentration of protein substances = Mitochondria
Match the following statements about ribosomes with their correct description:
Ribosomes were first described by George Palade in 1953 = They are made up of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and proteins Ribosomes are present in both animal and plant cells = They contribute to the synthesis of cellular proteins by translating information from nuclear DNA In prokaryotic cells, ribosomes are located freely in the cytoplasm = They have a sedimentation rate of 70S (Svedberg units) In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes can be found free or associated with membranous structures = They have a sedimentation rate of 80S
Match the following organelle associations with their correct descriptions:
Ribosomes with the endoplasmic reticulum = Associations visible under the light microscope as areas of strong basophilic Nissl bodies of neurons and basal area of acinar cells in the pancreas with ribosomes = Visible under the light microscope as areas of strong basophilic Ribosomes with phosphate radicals and ribosomal RNA = Cause ribosomes to have a strong basophilic appearance under the light microscope Ribosomes with cationic or basic dyes = Have affinity for these due to phosphate radicals and ribosomal RNA in their structure
Match the following organelle characteristics with their correct descriptions:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) = Does not have ribosomes and forms vesicles and sinuous canaliculi in the cell Rough endoplasmic reticulum = Involved in protein synthesis and consists of cisternae with ribosomes Golgi complex = Membranous system directly related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope Mitochondria = Involved in oxidative phosphorylation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glucose degradation, the Krebs cycle, and other cellular functions
Match the following organelle structures with their correct descriptions:
Golgi complex = Consists of 4 to 8 stacked flattened sacs and cisternae Rough endoplasmic reticulum = Consists of cisternae with ribosomes, which can take various forms Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) = Forms vesicles and sinuous canaliculi in the cell, often corresponding to terminal areas of rough reticulum Mitochondria = Typically 0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width, with double membranes and folded inner membranes
Match the following organelle functions with their correct descriptions:
Golgi complex = Plays a crucial role in the modification and sorting of proteins and lipids, as well as in the formation of secretory and secretory vesicles Mitochondria = Primarily function in energy production, involving oxidative phosphorylation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glucose degradation, the Krebs cycle, and other cellular functions Ribosomes = Contribute to the synthesis of cellular proteins by translating information from nuclear DNA Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) = Involved in the synthesis of steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids
Match the following organelle dimensions with their correct descriptions:
Ribosomes = Have different dimensions and locations depending on whether they are in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, with sedimentation rates of 70S or 80S Mitochondria = Typically 0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width, with double membranes and folded inner membranes Golgi complex = Lumen ranges from 200 to 300 $Å$ Nissl bodies of neurons = Visible under the light microscope as areas of strong basophilic
Explain the function of ribosomes in cellular protein synthesis.
Ribosomes contribute to the synthesis of cellular proteins by translating information from nuclear DNA.
What is the difference in sedimentation rate between the ribosomes in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
The sedimentation rate of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells is 70S, while in eukaryotic cells it is 80S.
How do ribosomes of eukaryotic cells associate with membranous structures?
The ribosomes of eukaryotic cells associate with the membranous structures of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Why do ribosomes appear strong basophilic under the light microscope?
The strong basophilic appearance of ribosomes under the light microscope is due to the presence of phosphate radicals and ribosomal RNA in their structure.
Who first described ribosomes?
Ribosomes were first described by George Palade in 1953 and so they were called particle of Palade.
What are ribosomes made up of?
Ribosomes are made up of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and proteins.
Explain the structure and composition of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes are 250 by 150Å in size and consist of two subunits, 60S and 40S, in eukaryotic cells. Both ribosomal subunits contain 28S RNA and 18S RNA, associated with proteins, and are involved in protein synthesis.
Describe the formation of polyribosomes or polysomes and their association with endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes can form polyribosomes or polysomes with mRNA and may attach to endoplasmic reticulum membranes to form rough endoplasmic reticulum.
What are the functions and components of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis?
The essential components of rough endoplasmic reticulum are its membrane unit, ribosomes, and ribophorins, which couple ribosomes and evacuate proteins formed by polysomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and has a relationship with the cytoplasmic vacuolar system and the cytoskeleton.
Explain the relationship between mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA in protein synthesis.
mRNA, originating from the nucleus, is involved in protein synthesis and is associated with ribosomes, particularly tRNA.
Discuss the specific functions and observations of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the context of high protein synthesis activity.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is observed to have dilated cisterns in the case of high protein synthesis activity. It is also related to the formation of transfer vesicles between the reticulum and the Golgi complex.
What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis and how do they link ribonucleic acids to specific enzymes and proteins?
Ribosomes are complex machines linking ribonucleic acids to specific enzymes and proteins for protein synthesis.
Explain the unique arrangements that smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) may adopt in different cell types.
SER may adopt unique arrangements such as concentric circles around liposomes in steroid-producing cells and anastomosed canaliculi in striated muscle cells.
Describe the manifest polarity of the Golgi complex and its significance.
The Golgi complex exhibits manifest polarity with forming (cis-face) and maturating (trans-face) sides, which is significant in its role of processing and transforming synthesized substances.
What are the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and its specific role in certain cell types?
SER functions include degradation of toxic substances, storage of proteins, and synthesis of steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. In certain cell types, it also plays a specific role in storage and conduction of Ca$^{2+}$ ions involved in muscle contraction.
Explain the relationship between the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum.
The Golgi complex is a membranous system directly related to the endoplasmic reticulum, and it receives transfer vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum containing synthesized substances to be processed.
What is the role of clathrin-coated vesicles in relation to the Golgi complex?
Clathrin-coated vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum attach to the convex forming cis-face of the Golgi sacs, containing synthesised substances to be processed in the Golgi complex.
Explain the crucial role of the Golgi complex in cellular processes related to proteins and lipids.
The Golgi complex plays a crucial role in the modification and sorting of proteins and lipids, as well as in the formation of lysosomes and secretory vesicles.
Explain the distinct roles of Golgi complex and mitochondria in cellular functions, highlighting their specific functions and structures.
The Golgi complex is responsible for concentrating substances, synthesizing polysaccharides, forming secretory granule membranes, and cell membrane turnover. It consists of sacs that produce vesicles of different sizes and can be observed under light microscopy. On the other hand, mitochondria are semi-autonomous structures involved in energy production. They exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell, vary in size and shape, typically 0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width, and contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes, protein inclusions, and dense granules in the matrix space.
What are the specific functions of the Golgi complex and mitochondria in cellular processes?
The Golgi complex is responsible for the formation of secretory granules, synthesizing polysaccharides, and cell membrane turnover. Mitochondria primarily function in energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glucose degradation, and the Krebs cycle.
Describe the structures of Golgi complex and mitochondria and their visibility under specific visualization methods.
The Golgi complex consists of sacs that produce vesicles of different sizes and can be observed under light microscopy using specific dyes. Mitochondria are semi-autonomous structures with two membranes and folded inner membranes. They can be visualized under specific visualization methods due to their unique structures and functions.
What are the dimensions of mitochondria and what activities occur in their matrix space?
Mitochondria are typically 0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width. Their matrix space contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, protein inclusions, and dense granules, where most mitochondrial activities occur.
Explain the involvement of Golgi complex and mitochondria in cellular processes, including the synthesis, concentration, and secretion of substances, as well as energy production.
Both Golgi complex and mitochondria play crucial roles in cellular processes. Golgi complex is responsible for concentrating substances, synthesizing polysaccharides, and forming secretory granule membranes. Mitochondria primarily function in energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, and other cellular functions.
What are the specific movements exhibited by mitochondria within the cell, and where are they typically located?
Mitochondria exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell and are typically located in areas where energy is highly needed, such as muscle fibers and the retina.
How do Golgi complex vesicles and mitochondria contribute to cellular functions and processes?
Golgi complex vesicles can be observed using specific techniques, showing positive reactions for specific enzymes and dyes. They are involved in the synthesis of secretory granules and polysaccharides. Mitochondria play a crucial role in energy production and various cellular functions, containing DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and protein inclusions in the matrix space.
Study Notes
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Complex Overview
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) does not have ribosomes and forms vesicles and sinuous canaliculi in the cell, often corresponding to terminal areas of rough reticulum
- SER may adopt unique arrangements such as concentric circles around liposomes in steroid-producing cells and anastomosed canaliculi in striated muscle cells
- SER functions include degradation of toxic substances, storage of proteins, and synthesis of steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids
- SER shares general functions with rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as specific functions like storage and conduction of Ca2+ ions involved in muscle contraction
- Golgi complex, observed by Camillo Golgi, is a membranous system directly related to the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope
- Golgi complex location varies among cell types, with fractions dispersed around the nucleus in neurons
- Golgi complex consists of stacked flattened sacs and cisternae surrounded by vesicles, exhibiting a manifest polarity with forming (cis-face) and maturating (trans-face) sides
- The number of Golgi sacs varies between 4 and 8, with a thicker membrane than the endoplasmic reticulum, and a lumen ranging from 200 to 300 Å
- Transfer vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, coated with the protein clathrin, contain synthesised substances to be processed in the Golgi complex
- Clathrin-coated vesicles attach to the convex forming cis-face of the Golgi sacs, with a diameter of about 200Å and moderately electrodense content
- The Golgi complex is involved in processing and transforming synthesised substances, and the sacs tend to dilate towards the ends, forming waste vesicles
- Golgi complex plays a crucial role in the modification and sorting of proteins and lipids, as well as in the formation of lysosomes and secretory vesicles
Cellular Organelles: Golgi Complex and Mitochondria
- Golgi complex consists of sacs that produce vesicles of different sizes, which can be observed under light microscopy using specific dyes.
- Golgi complex plays a role in concentrating substances, synthesizing polysaccharides, forming secretory granule membranes, and cell membrane turnover.
- Mitochondria are semi-autonomous structures involved in energy production, first described by Altmann in 1894 and named by Benda in 1897.
- Mitochondria exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell and vary in size and shape, typically 0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width, with two membranes and folded inner membranes.
- The matrix space within mitochondria contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, protein inclusions, and dense granules, where most mitochondrial activities occur.
- Mitochondria are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glucose degradation, the Krebs cycle, and other cellular functions.
- Golgi complex and mitochondria are essential organelles with distinct roles in cellular functions and are visible under specific visualization methods due to their unique structures and functions.
- Golgi complex is responsible for the formation of secretory granules and is involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides, while mitochondria primarily function in energy production.
- Golgi complex vesicles can be observed using histochemical and histoenzymological techniques, showing positive reactions for specific enzymes and dyes.
- Mitochondria exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell and are typically located in areas where energy is highly needed, such as muscle fibers and the retina.
- Mitochondria have a complex constitution, involving oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid and protein synthesis, ion secretion, and concentration of protein substances.
- Both Golgi complex and mitochondria play crucial roles in cellular processes, including the synthesis, concentration, and secretion of substances, as well as energy production.
Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum in Cell Biology
- Ribosomes are 250 by 150Å in size and consist of two subunits, 60S and 40S, in eukaryotic cells.
- Both ribosomal subunits contain 28S RNA and 18S RNA, associated with proteins, and are involved in protein synthesis.
- Ribosomes can form polyribosomes or polysomes with mRNA and may attach to endoplasmic reticulum membranes to form rough endoplasmic reticulum.
- Ribosomes are complex machines linking ribonucleic acids to specific enzymes and proteins for protein synthesis.
- mRNA, originating from the nucleus, is involved in protein synthesis and is associated with ribosomes, particularly tRNA.
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be rough (granular) or smooth (agranular), depending on its association with ribosomes.
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and consists of cisternae with ribosomes, which can take various forms.
- The essential components of rough endoplasmic reticulum are its membrane unit, ribosomes, and ribophorins, which couple ribosomes and evacuate proteins formed by polysomes.
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and has a relationship with the cytoplasmic vacuolar system and the cytoskeleton.
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum may have specific functions, such as participating in substance transport and osmotic regulation, as well as general cellular functions.
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum is observed to have dilated cisterns in the case of high protein synthesis activity.
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum is related to the formation of transfer vesicles between the reticulum and the Golgi complex.
Cellular Organelles: Golgi Complex and Mitochondria
- Golgi complex consists of sacs that produce vesicles of different sizes, which can be observed under light microscopy using specific dyes.
- Golgi complex plays a role in concentrating substances, synthesizing polysaccharides, forming secretory granule membranes, and cell membrane turnover.
- Mitochondria are semi-autonomous structures involved in energy production, first described by Altmann in 1894 and named by Benda in 1897.
- Mitochondria exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell and vary in size and shape, typically 0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width, with two membranes and folded inner membranes.
- The matrix space within mitochondria contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, protein inclusions, and dense granules, where most mitochondrial activities occur.
- Mitochondria are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glucose degradation, the Krebs cycle, and other cellular functions.
- Golgi complex and mitochondria are essential organelles with distinct roles in cellular functions and are visible under specific visualization methods due to their unique structures and functions.
- Golgi complex is responsible for the formation of secretory granules and is involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides, while mitochondria primarily function in energy production.
- Golgi complex vesicles can be observed using histochemical and histoenzymological techniques, showing positive reactions for specific enzymes and dyes.
- Mitochondria exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell and are typically located in areas where energy is highly needed, such as muscle fibers and the retina.
- Mitochondria have a complex constitution, involving oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid and protein synthesis, ion secretion, and concentration of protein substances.
- Both Golgi complex and mitochondria play crucial roles in cellular processes, including the synthesis, concentration, and secretion of substances, as well as energy production.
Cellular Organelles: Golgi Complex and Mitochondria
- Golgi complex consists of sacs that produce vesicles of different sizes, which can be observed under light microscopy using specific dyes.
- Golgi complex plays a role in concentrating substances, synthesizing polysaccharides, forming secretory granule membranes, and cell membrane turnover.
- Mitochondria are semi-autonomous structures involved in energy production, first described by Altmann in 1894 and named by Benda in 1897.
- Mitochondria exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell and vary in size and shape, typically 0.5-7 µm in length and 0.2-0.5 µm in width, with two membranes and folded inner membranes.
- The matrix space within mitochondria contains DNA, RNA, ribosomes, protein inclusions, and dense granules, where most mitochondrial activities occur.
- Mitochondria are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glucose degradation, the Krebs cycle, and other cellular functions.
- Golgi complex and mitochondria are essential organelles with distinct roles in cellular functions and are visible under specific visualization methods due to their unique structures and functions.
- Golgi complex is responsible for the formation of secretory granules and is involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides, while mitochondria primarily function in energy production.
- Golgi complex vesicles can be observed using histochemical and histoenzymological techniques, showing positive reactions for specific enzymes and dyes.
- Mitochondria exhibit extrinsic movements within the cell and are typically located in areas where energy is highly needed, such as muscle fibers and the retina.
- Mitochondria have a complex constitution, involving oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid and protein synthesis, ion secretion, and concentration of protein substances.
- Both Golgi complex and mitochondria play crucial roles in cellular processes, including the synthesis, concentration, and secretion of substances, as well as energy production.
Test your knowledge of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex with this overview quiz. Explore the unique structures, functions, and roles of these essential cellular organelles.
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