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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of somatotrophs found in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland?
What is the primary function of somatotrophs found in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland?
The anterior pituitary gland develops from Rathke's pouch.
The anterior pituitary gland develops from Rathke's pouch.
True
What are the two main types of cells found in the pars distalis?
What are the two main types of cells found in the pars distalis?
Chromophils and Chromophobes
The region of the pituitary gland that contains cells called chromophils and chromophobes is the __________.
The region of the pituitary gland that contains cells called chromophils and chromophobes is the __________.
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Match the types of cells with their characteristics:
Match the types of cells with their characteristics:
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Which hormone is NOT produced by the thyroid gland?
Which hormone is NOT produced by the thyroid gland?
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The avian pituitary gland contains a pars intermedia.
The avian pituitary gland contains a pars intermedia.
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What regulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland?
What regulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland?
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The gel-like material called ______ is found in the center of the thyroid follicles.
The gel-like material called ______ is found in the center of the thyroid follicles.
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Match the following components of the thyroid gland with their descriptions:
Match the following components of the thyroid gland with their descriptions:
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Which type of cells in the adenohypophysis stain red?
Which type of cells in the adenohypophysis stain red?
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Basophils in the adenohypophysis stain blue.
Basophils in the adenohypophysis stain blue.
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What hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus?
What hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus?
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Mammotrophs secrete ______.
Mammotrophs secrete ______.
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Match the following cell types with their characteristics:
Match the following cell types with their characteristics:
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What is the primary structure of the neurohypophysis?
What is the primary structure of the neurohypophysis?
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Chromophobes are differentiated cells in the adenohypophysis.
Chromophobes are differentiated cells in the adenohypophysis.
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The ______ of Rathke’s pouch is associated with the pars tuberalis.
The ______ of Rathke’s pouch is associated with the pars tuberalis.
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Which of the following hormones is secreted by somatotrophs?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by somatotrophs?
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Mammotrophs secrete corticotrophin, which stimulates milk production.
Mammotrophs secrete corticotrophin, which stimulates milk production.
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What is the primary function of gonadotrophs in the pituitary gland?
What is the primary function of gonadotrophs in the pituitary gland?
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Corticotrophs secrete ______ which targets the adrenal gland.
Corticotrophs secrete ______ which targets the adrenal gland.
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Match the type of cell to the hormone it secretes:
Match the type of cell to the hormone it secretes:
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Which region of the pituitary gland contains Rathke's cysts?
Which region of the pituitary gland contains Rathke's cysts?
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The neurohypophysis is a part of the anterior pituitary gland.
The neurohypophysis is a part of the anterior pituitary gland.
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Name the two nuclei from which axons of neurosecretory cells extend into the posterior pituitary.
Name the two nuclei from which axons of neurosecretory cells extend into the posterior pituitary.
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Which hormone is NOT secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Which hormone is NOT secreted by the adrenal medulla?
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The thymus secretes hormones necessary for T-cell growth and development.
The thymus secretes hormones necessary for T-cell growth and development.
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Which of the following hormones is secreted by the zona glomerulosa?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the zona glomerulosa?
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What is the primary function of melatonin, which is secreted by the pineal gland?
What is the primary function of melatonin, which is secreted by the pineal gland?
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The __________ are responsible for activating dendritic cells in the thymus.
The __________ are responsible for activating dendritic cells in the thymus.
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The medulla of the adrenal glands is embryologically similar to the gonads.
The medulla of the adrenal glands is embryologically similar to the gonads.
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Which region of the lymph node contains sinusoids?
Which region of the lymph node contains sinusoids?
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What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex?
What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex?
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Hassall's corpuscles in the thymus secrete thymosin.
Hassall's corpuscles in the thymus secrete thymosin.
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The main type of hormone secreted by the zona fasciculata is __________.
The main type of hormone secreted by the zona fasciculata is __________.
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What type of cells predominantly compose the pineal gland's parenchyma?
What type of cells predominantly compose the pineal gland's parenchyma?
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Match the zone of the adrenal cortex with its respective function:
Match the zone of the adrenal cortex with its respective function:
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Match the following structures with their functions:
Match the following structures with their functions:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the zona fasciculata?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the zona fasciculata?
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All hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are based on cholesterol.
All hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are based on cholesterol.
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What regulates the secretion of cortisol from the zona fasciculata?
What regulates the secretion of cortisol from the zona fasciculata?
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Study Notes
Veterinary Anatomy (DVT 10502)
- Course title: Veterinary Anatomy (DVT 10502)
- Lecturer: Danmaigoro Abubakar PhD, Senior Lecturer
- Department: Pre-clinical Science
- Faculty: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
- Topic: Haemopoietic, Endocrine & Lymphatic System
Haemopoietic, Endocrine & Lymphatic System
- Overview of the systems is covered
- Endocrine system histology is included
- Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal gland are part of the endocrine system
- Lymphatic System
- Haemopoietic system.
- Histological details described
- Endocrine system overview, and components
Endocrine System
- Regulates metabolic activities of organs and tissues
- Secretion pathway through epithelial cells.
- Ductless glands, secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream via blood vessels
- Endocrine glands include: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, and suprarenal glands
- Secretion types: paracrine and neuroendocrine, functioning either on nearby tissues or across longer distances in the blood to target organs
Pituitary Gland
- Located at the base of the brain
- Two functional regions: anterior and posterior lobes
- Histological structures of anterior and posterior lobes differ based on embryological origins
- Anterior region (Adenohypophysis) develops from oral ectoderm, specifically Rathke's pouch.
- Pars distalis one component
- Pars intermedia another component
- Pars tuberalis also included in this region
Adenohypophysis
- The anterior pituitary gland, also known as adenohypophysis, develops from Rathke's pouch, a diverticulum of oral ectoderm
- Contains three pars: distalis, intermedia, and tuberalis
- Different cell types include acidophils, basophils and chromophobes
- Types of cells and their hormone secretions are discussed
Neurohypophysis
- Originates from the diencephalon, a part of the brain
- Composed of a number of regions: median eminence, infundibulum, Pars nervosa (posterior pituitary)
- Hypothalamohypophyseal tract formed by axons from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
- Pars nervosa receives terminals of neurosecretory hypothalmohypophyseal tract
- Hering bodies, Dilated axon terminal endings that contain accumulated neurosecretory granules
Histology of Pituitary gland
- Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis): stains red
- posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis): stains pale
Lymph Node
- Small, soft tissue with a fibrous capsule, often surrounded by adipose tissue
- Convex surface is perforated by afferent lymph vessels, concave surface has hilum
Regions of Lymph Node
- Cortex: contains B cells and secondary lymphoid nodules
- Paracortex: mainly T cells, part of the thymus-dependent zone
- Medulla: lymphoid cells organised into clusters and tortuous lymph sinuses
Spleen
- Largest lymphoid organ in the body
- Has a well-organized, branching arterial system ending in a sinusoidal system
- Surrounded by a fibrous capsule with trabeculae extending into it to support the vasculature
- Divided into white and red pulp, with different functions and histological appearances
- White pulp: closely associated with central arterioles, consisting of PALS (peri-arterial lymphatic sheath) containing T lymphocytes and lymphoid nodules with T & B cells
- Red pulp: resembles a sponge, filled with splenic sinuses and cords supporting reticular fibers with stellate reticular cells
Thyroid Gland
- Located in the cervical region, ventral and lateral to the trachea
- Contains many thyroid follicular lining cells which produce thyroid hormones
- Thyroid follicles are cavities containing colloid
- Colloid is an inactive precursor of thyroid hormone, bound to a glycoprotein (thyroglobulin)
- Follicles lined by follicular cells, which have different shapes based on activity
Parathyroid Glands
- Pair of ovoid glands associated with the thyroid
- Divided into lobules by connective tissue septa
- Two types of cells: chief (principal) cells and oxyphil cells
- Chief cells are small, pale, weakly eosinophilic and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- About 80% of parathyroid cells are inactive
- Oxyphil cells have abundant mitochondria, do not secrete PTH, and may differentiate from chief cells
Adrenal Glands (Suprarenal Glands)
- Pair of glands, one associated with each kidney
- Divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla, each containing different endocrine tissues
- Embryological origin of cortex is similar to gonads, medulla is similar to sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal Cortex
- Three regions in the adrenal cortex, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis.
- Cells arrange in irregular, ovoid clusters, surrounded by trabeculae with capillaries.
- Nuclei of cells stain strongly and cytoplasm is typically darker.
Adrenal Medulla
- Region contains basophilic cells that do not have lipid in their cytoplasm.
- These cells secrete peptide-based hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline
- Drained by venous channels that carry blood from cortex to the marrow to the medullary vein
Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)
- A dorsal evagination (outgrowth) from the diencephalon, attached by a stalk to the dorsal wall of the third ventricle
- Covered by pia mater capsule and trabeculae which divide the gland into septa.
- Primarily composed of pinealocytes supported by neuroglia cells
- Secretes melatonin and serotonin, involved in day/night cycles
Endocrine Pancreas
- Cells within the islets of Langerhans which secrete hormones
- Alpha cells secrete glucagon
- Beta cells secrete insulin
- Delta cells secrete somatostatin and gastrin
- PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
- Non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue found in mucosal areas
- Composed of aggregated lymphoid follicles (Peyers patches)
- Contains various cell types: B-cells, T-cells, APCs
Tonsils
- Incomplete lymphoid aggregations including; Palatine, Pharyngeal, Lingual tonsils
- Palatine tonsil has numerous lymphoid nodules and germinal centers with active B cells.
- Other tonsils may have similar structure
Lymphatic System
- Includes various lymphoid tissues throughout body.
Tutorial Questions
- Includes questions covering topics of pituitary gland, thyroid gland and other tissues
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anterior pituitary gland and thyroid gland with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the functions of somatotrophs, the different cell types in the pars distalis, and hormones associated with these glands. Perfect for students studying endocrine physiology.
