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Questions and Answers
What is the primary consequence of glucose acting as an osmotic diuretic in diabetes mellitus?
What is the primary consequence of glucose acting as an osmotic diuretic in diabetes mellitus?
What does the buildup of ketones in the blood primarily indicate in untreated diabetes mellitus?
What does the buildup of ketones in the blood primarily indicate in untreated diabetes mellitus?
Which symptom is associated with the body's inability to take up glucose in diabetes mellitus?
Which symptom is associated with the body's inability to take up glucose in diabetes mellitus?
What is a potential severe complication of ketoacidosis in untreated diabetes?
What is a potential severe complication of ketoacidosis in untreated diabetes?
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In diabetes mellitus, excessive urination is referred to as what?
In diabetes mellitus, excessive urination is referred to as what?
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What condition may result from excessive thyroid hormone levels and cause eyes to protrude?
What condition may result from excessive thyroid hormone levels and cause eyes to protrude?
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What role does insulin play in relation to glucose levels?
What role does insulin play in relation to glucose levels?
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Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing glucagon?
Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing glucagon?
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What is a primary stimulus for insulin release?
What is a primary stimulus for insulin release?
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How does insulin affect the breakdown of glycogen?
How does insulin affect the breakdown of glycogen?
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Which hormone is NOT involved in the regulation of insulin release?
Which hormone is NOT involved in the regulation of insulin release?
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What is the principal effect of insulin on adipose tissue?
What is the principal effect of insulin on adipose tissue?
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What characterizes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
What characterizes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
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What triggers the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?
What triggers the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?
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What are the direct actions of growth hormone on metabolism?
What are the direct actions of growth hormone on metabolism?
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Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are produced in response to which hormone?
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are produced in response to which hormone?
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Which gland is primarily responsible for the secretion of growth hormone?
Which gland is primarily responsible for the secretion of growth hormone?
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One of the roles of growth hormone is to encourage protein synthesis. How does it achieve this?
One of the roles of growth hormone is to encourage protein synthesis. How does it achieve this?
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How does growth hormone indirectly promote growth?
How does growth hormone indirectly promote growth?
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Which of the following correctly describes a function of growth hormone?
Which of the following correctly describes a function of growth hormone?
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What effect does homeostatic imbalance of growth hormone lead to?
What effect does homeostatic imbalance of growth hormone lead to?
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What is the primary role of Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?
What is the primary role of Growth Hormone (GH) in the body?
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What is the condition caused by hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) in children?
What is the condition caused by hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) in children?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of the thyroid gland?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the thyroid gland?
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What are the two primary forms of Thyroid Hormone (TH) produced by the thyroid follicles?
What are the two primary forms of Thyroid Hormone (TH) produced by the thyroid follicles?
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What happens to T4 at the tissue level?
What happens to T4 at the tissue level?
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Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
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What is the consequence of hyposecretion of GH in children?
What is the consequence of hyposecretion of GH in children?
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How does Thyroid Hormone (TH) enter target cells?
How does Thyroid Hormone (TH) enter target cells?
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What is the primary role of thyroid hormone (TH) in the body?
What is the primary role of thyroid hormone (TH) in the body?
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Which process is triggered when thyroid hormone binds to its receptors in the nucleus?
Which process is triggered when thyroid hormone binds to its receptors in the nucleus?
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What condition can arise from hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency?
What condition can arise from hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency?
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How does thyroid hormone affect blood pressure?
How does thyroid hormone affect blood pressure?
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What initiates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
What initiates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
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Which of the following describes the calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones?
Which of the following describes the calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones?
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What is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism commonly seen in Graves' disease?
What is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism commonly seen in Graves' disease?
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What feedback mechanism is in place to regulate thyroid hormone release?
What feedback mechanism is in place to regulate thyroid hormone release?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Overview
- The endocrine system is a collection of glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream
- Hormones regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction
- Page 16 in chapter 16 details important topics and pages for the endocrine system in the study material.
Growth Hormone (GH)
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Mechanisms, effects, and glands that produce growth hormone and related disorders are discussed from pages 615-616
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GH, also known as somatotropin, is produced by somatotropic cells
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GH has direct effects on metabolism, and indirect growth-promoting actions
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The anterior pituitary releases GH when the hypothalamus secretes Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
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Direct actions of GH:
- Increase blood glucose and has anti-insulin effects
- Increase fat breakdown and release
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Indirect actions of GH:
- Increase skeletal growth
- Increase cartilage growth
- Promotes protein synthesis and cell growth
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GH levels cycle daily, highest during sleep; highest in adolescence, decreases in adulthood
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Some bodybuilders inject GH to increase muscle mass, which can lead to health problems
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Hypersecretion of GH in children leads to gigantism (height reaching 8 feet); in adults, it leads to acromegaly
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Hyposecretion of GH in children causes pituitary dwarfism
Thyroid Gland
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Butterfly-shaped in the anterior neck, sitting on the trachea just inferior to the larynx
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Consistsoflateral lobes (one per side) and an isthmus (mass connecting the lobes)
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Follicles: hollow spheres of epithelial cells that produce thyroglobulin
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Colloid: follicle lumen containing thyroglobulin and iodine (precursor to thyroid hormone)
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Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin
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Major metabolic hormone, found in two forms: T4(thyroxine), and T3(triiodothyronine)
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Both T3 and T4 are iodine-containing amine hormones
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T3 is more active than T4, and both are essential for normal skeletal and nervous system development and reproductive capabilities.
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Thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis involves trapping iodide from blood and oxidation to iodine; attaching iodine to tyrosine, and linking to form T3 and T4
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TH affects almost every cell in the body and enters target cells like steroids
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TH increases basal metabolic rate and heat production, referred to as a calorigenic effect
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Regulates tissue growth and development, and maintains blood pressure.
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TSH release in response to TRH from the hypothalamus
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Thyroid hormones inhibit TRH and TSH by negative feedback
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Hyposecretion of TH can cause myxedema in adults
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Hypothyroidism can result in a goiter due to lack of iodine, causing the thyroid to enlarge.
Pancreas
- Triangular gland behind the stomach, composed of both exocrine (acinar cells) and endocrine (islets of Langerhans) cells.
- Acinar cells produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion
- Islets of Langerhans contain:
- Alpha () cells that produce glucagon (a hyperglycemic hormone)
- Beta () cells that produce insulin (a hypoglycemic hormone)
- Beta cells are more numerous
- Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic.
Insulin
- Secreted when blood sugar increase
- Insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing glucose transport into fat and muscle cells., inhibiting glycogen to glucose breakdown, and inhibiting amino acids or fats to glucose
- It catalyzes oxidation of glucose to produce ATP,polymerizing glucose into glycogen, and converting glucose to fats (particularly in adipose tissue)
- Elevated blood glucose levels, amino acids and fatty acid levels, and parasympathetic nerve stimulation trigger insulin release
- Somatostatin and sympathetic nervous system inhibit insulin release
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1 diabetes: the body doesn't produce insulin
- Type 2 diabetes: body produces insulin, but not effectively
- Blood glucose remains high and not absorbed
- Three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus:
- Polyuria (huge urine output)
- Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
- Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
- Excessive glucose in the blood results in ketone bodies and ketoacidosis (blood acidity).
Review Questions
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Iodine deficiency most affects thyroid hormone production
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Growth hormone has direct metabolic actions and indirect growth-promoting actions
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulate thyroid hormone
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Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans
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High blood glucose triggers a homeostatic mechanism involving increased insulin secretion, causing cells to take up glucose, produce ATP, convert glucose to glycogen, and convert glucose to fat.
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Description
Explore the intricate functioning of the endocrine system and delve into the role of Growth Hormone (GH) in regulating bodily functions. This quiz covers the mechanisms, effects, and disorders related to GH, including its direct and indirect actions. Prepare to test your knowledge on this essential part of human biology.
