Endocrine System Chapter 16 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What hormone is responsible for moving glucose from blood into cells?

  • Insulin (correct)
  • Cortisol
  • Adrenaline
  • Glucagon

    • Which type of diabetes is characterized by an inability to produce insulin?

  • Type II
  • Gestational
  • Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)
  • Type I (correct)

    • What is the primary cause of Type II diabetes?

  • Lack of physical exercise
  • Obesity (correct)
  • Stress
  • Genetic mutations

    • Which hormone is produced by the testes?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of estrogen?

    <p>Maturation of female reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the endocrine system?

    <p>Growth and reproductive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is known for faster responses: the nervous system or the endocrine system?

    <p>The nervous system due to electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a target cell for a specific hormone?

    <p>It contains the specific receptor for the hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is released by the pancreas to lower blood sugar?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gland releases hormones directly into the bloodstream?

    <p>Endocrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor lipid organic molecule for all steroid hormones?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of hormones cannot enter the cells directly?

    <p>Amino acid-based hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hormone release primarily regulated in the body?

    <p>Negative feedback mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released when blood calcium levels fall too low?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily stimulates the activity of osteoclasts in bones?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes parathyroid hormone?

    <p>Parathyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback mechanism regulates blood calcium levels?

    <p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of hormones does the adrenal cortex primarily produce?

    <p>Steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of hormones is released from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Mineralocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to stress?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a target tissue of growth hormone?

    <p>Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone from the hypothalamus inhibits growth hormone release?

    <p>Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of human lifespan is growth hormone secretion the highest?

    <p>Puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from too much growth hormone prior to puberty?

    <p>Giantism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?

    <p>Stimulate release of hormones from adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released from the gonads in response to luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary?

    <p>Gonadotrophic releasing hormone (GnRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target organ of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which type of situation are hormones released from the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Fight or Flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Amino Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of Cushing's syndrome?

    <p>Thyroid malfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During long-term stress situations, which part of the adrenal gland is activated?

    <p>Adrenal Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is predominantly released by the pineal gland?

    <p>Melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the pancreas is true?

    <p>It has both endocrine and exocrine tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin?

    <p>Lower blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In type I diabetes, which cells of the pancreas are primarily damaged?

    <p>Islet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System Overview

    • Functions include reproduction, growth, homeostasis, and emergency response.
    • Hormones are chemical signals secreted into the extracellular fluid by endocrine cells.

    Comparison: Nervous and Endocrine Systems

    • Nervous system utilizes electrical signals, operating faster than endocrine signals.
    • Endocrine responses last longer due to slower hormone breakdown.

    Hormones and Gland Types

    • Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream; exocrine glands have ducts and release substances locally.

    Major Endocrine Organs

    • Involves glands such as the thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, each with specific locations in the body.

    Chemical Classes of Hormones

    • Two classes: amino acid (e.g., epinephrine) and steroid hormones (e.g., estrogen, testosterone).
    • Amino acid hormones use G protein and second messenger pathways, while steroid hormones can cross cell membranes.

    Target Cells and Hormone Regulation

    • Target cells possess specific receptors for hormones.
    • Hormone release is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms, exemplified by insulin regulating blood sugar levels.
    • Stimulates connective tissues, muscles, and bones.
    • Release controlled by Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) and inhibited by Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH).
    • Abnormal levels can lead to conditions such as giantism, dwarfism, or acromegaly.

    Thyroid Function

    • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) stimulates T3 and T4 release; controlled by Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH).

    Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

    • Stimulates adrenal cortex hormone release; regulated by Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH).

    Gonad Hormones

    • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) regulate gamete and sex hormone release; controlled by Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH).

    Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin

    • PTH increases blood calcium levels, while calcitonin decreases them; both hormones target bone, kidney, and digestive tract.

    Adrenal Gland Structure and Hormones

    • Composed of an outer cortex (releases aldosterone and cortisol) and an inner medulla (releases epinephrine and norepinephrine).
    • Corticosteroid hormones are vital for stress response.

    Cushing's Syndrome

    • Caused by pituitary tumors or steroid overdose; characterized by high blood glucose, muscle loss, and increased body fat.

    Stress Response

    • Short-term stress activates the adrenal medulla, releasing epinephrine; long-term stress activates the adrenal cortex, releasing cortisol.

    Pineal Gland

    • Located in the brain; releases melatonin, regulating sleep cycles.

    Pancreatic Hormones

    • Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin (lowers blood sugar) and glucagon (raises blood sugar); vital for glucose homeostasis.

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Type I is characterized by an inability to produce insulin due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells.
    • Type II, often caused by obesity, involves insulin resistance with adequate insulin production but ineffective glucose transport.

    Testes and Ovaries Hormones

    • Testes produce testosterone for male characteristics, while ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone for female reproductive functions, including menstrual cycle regulation and secondary sex characteristics.

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    Description

    Explore the functions and comparisons of the endocrine system outlined in Chapter 16. This study guide covers vital topics like reproduction, growth, homeostasis, and the differences between nervous and endocrine signals in terms of speed and duration. Test your understanding of how these systems interact and function.

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