18 Questions
Insulin targets the ______, muscles, and adipose tissues
liver
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates blood ______ level
calcium
Adrenal Medulla hormones stimulate the activities of their target ______
glands
Oxytocin targets the ______ and mammary glands
uterus
Melatonin regulates circadian rhythms in the ______
brain
Catecholamines assist in water and electrolyte balance and regulate blood ______ level
glucose
The pituitary gland is located in the ______
brain
The hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates thyroid function is ______
TSH
The hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar levels is ______
insulin
The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids such as ______
aldosterone
The hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' response is ______
adrenaline
The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism is ______
thyroxine
Gigantism is caused by oversecretion of ______ hormone during childhood
growth
Acromegaly is caused by excessive growth hormone secretion after ______
adolescence
Diabetes Mellitus is a syndrome caused by either lack of insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity of tissues to ______
insulin
Type I diabetes is also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and is caused by lack of ______ secretion
insulin
Type II diabetes is also called non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and is caused by decreased sensitivity of target tissues to the metabolic effect of ______
insulin
Cushing’s disease is caused by hypersecretion of ______, due to primary tumor
cortisol
Study Notes
Endocrine Glands and Hormones
- Endocrine glands: Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, Sex glands
- Functions of endocrine glands: regulate growth and development, maintain homeostasis, respond to stress
Pituitary Gland
- Anterior Pituitary: produces 6 hormones, regulates growth and development, stimulates other endocrine glands
- Posterior Pituitary: produces 2 hormones, regulates water balance and uterine contraction
- Hormones produced by Anterior Pituitary:
- Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
- Thyroid-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Hormones produced by Posterior Pituitary:
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin (OT)
Thyroid Gland
- Produces 2 hormones:
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Calcitonin
Parathyroid Gland
- Produces 1 hormone:
- Parathormone (PTH)
Pancreas
- Produces 4 hormones:
- Insulin
- Glucagon
- Somatostatin
- Pancreatic Polypeptide
Adrenal Glands
- Adrenal Cortex:
- Produces 3 types of hormones:
- Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
- Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Corticosterone)
- Sex Hormones (Androgens, Estrogen, Progesterone)
- Produces 3 types of hormones:
- Adrenal Medulla:
- Produces 3 hormones:
- Catecholamines (Adrenaline/Noradrenaline, Dopamine)
- Produces 3 hormones:
Pathophysiology
- Hyposecretion: underproduction of hormones
- Hypersecretion: overproduction of hormones
- Disorders of Pituitary Gland:
- Panhypopituitarism: underproduction of all Anterior Pituitary hormones
- Gigantism: oversecretion of Growth Hormone during childhood
- Pituitary Dwarfism: underproduction of Growth Hormone during childhood
- Acromegaly: oversecretion of Growth Hormone after adolescence
- Disorders of Pancreas:
- Diabetes Mellitus: impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
- Type I Diabetes (IDDM): lack of insulin secretion
- Type II Diabetes (NIDDM): decreased sensitivity of target tissues to insulin
- Disorders of Adrenal Cortex:
- Cushing's disease: hypersecretion of cortisol, leading to high blood glucose levels and lipid deposits
- Addison's disease: hyposecretion of cortisol, leading to low blood glucose levels and low Na levels
Test your knowledge on the identification, location, structure, and functions of endocrine glands, as well as the regulation and control of hormone secretion. Topics include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, and sex glands.
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