End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) Causes
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following Beta-receptor Blockers has peripheral alpha-1 receptor blockade activity?

  • Metoprolol
  • Labetalol
  • Carvedilol (correct)
  • All of the above

    • What is the primary mechanism of action of Central Alfa-2-receptor Agonists?

  • Stimulating alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the CNS (correct)
  • Blocking beta-1 receptors in the heart
  • Directly relaxing peripheral arterial smooth muscle
  • Inhibiting postsynaptic alpha-1-adrenergic receptors

    • What is the key side effect of Direct Vasodilators?

  • Tachycardia (correct)
  • Hypotension
  • Palpitations
  • Bradycardia

    • What is the primary mechanism of action of Alfa-receptor Antagonists?

    <p>Inhibiting postsynaptic alpha-1-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Beta-receptor Blockers is administered in an IV solution?

    <p>Metoprolol Tartrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key side effect of Beta-receptor Blockers?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients with Type I diabetes are likely to develop diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal in the management of patients with CKD Stages G1-3?

    <p>Slow the progression to dialysis-dependent CKD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of kidney protection by SGLT2 inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibiting the reabsorption of glucose and sodium in the proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) in adults?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of diabetic nephropathy?

    <p>Albuminuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target blood pressure goal for patients with CKD according to KDIGO 2021 guidelines?

    <p>&lt; 120/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Finerenone in the management of diabetic kidney disease?

    <p>Blocking the mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of hypertension in patients with CKD Stage 3?

    <p>&gt; 75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the non-pharmacological approach to managing hypertension in CKD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ACEIs or ARBs in the management of diabetic kidney disease?

    <p>Reducing protein excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal level of serum globulins in a healthy individual?

    <p>trace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of managing glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Identifying and treating the underlying cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of nephrotic range proteinuria based on a urine dipstick test?

    <p>3+ or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line treatment for hypertension in glomerulonephritis?

    <p>RAAS blocking agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of gross hematuria?

    <p>Tea-colored or cola-colored urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for severe proteinuria in glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of the substance that lowers serum potassium levels?

    <p>Exchanging potassium for hydrogen and sodium in the gastrointestinal lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue with the body's buffering system in CKD?

    <p>The body's buffering system becomes compromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of metabolic acidosis on a BMP?

    <p>HCO3 &lt; 22 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid formulations containing potassium in the management of metabolic acidosis?

    <p>To reduce the risk of hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical frequency of BMP monitoring in CKD 4 and 5?

    <p>Every month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a long-term complication of CKD in pediatric patients?

    <p>Growth impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third most common cause of renal failure in adults?

    <p>Glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the glomerulus?

    <p>To filter the blood and allow for the excretion of waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the glomerular basement membrane?

    <p>To give the glomerulus a negative charge and repel negatively charged substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for protein in a urinalysis test?

    <p>0 or trace</p> Signup and view all the answers

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