Nephrology: Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

Study Notes

Post-Renal AKI is primarily caused by urinary tract obstruction, which impedes urine flow.
Pre-Renal AKI is commonly due to conditions that reduce renal perfusion, such as dehydration or heart failure.
Characteristic urine feature of Pre-Renal AKI includes oliguria with high urine osmolality and sodium concentration.
Renal AKI is characterized by muddy brown casts in urine and often shows a lower urine osmolality.

Volume overload in CKD patients is primarily treated with diuretics to help remove excess fluid.
Hyperkalemia in CKD patients is managed using medications like insulin, beta-agonists, or calcium gluconate to stabilize cardiac membranes.
Metabolic acidosis in CKD patients is primarily treated with sodium bicarbonate to restore normal pH levels.
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent (ESA) therapy in CKD aims to increase hemoglobin levels and improve anemia symptoms.

CKD stage characterized by eGFR of 15-29 mL/min/1.73m² is classified as Stage 4.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined by a persistent decrease in kidney function, indicated by an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73m² for at least three months.
The Child-Pugh classification is used to assess the severity of liver disease, not kidney disease.

Urinary albumin excretion rate for Albuminuria Stage A2 is defined as 30-299 mg/g.
Diagnostic criterion for Acute Renal Failure (AKI) includes a rise in serum creatinine by 0.3 mg/dL or more within 48 hours.
Primary complication of phosphorus retention in End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is secondary hyperparathyroidism, leading to bone disease.

Primary goal of non-emergency potassium removal from the body is to prevent life-threatening complications like cardiac arrest due to hyperkalemia.
Creatinine clearance (CrCl) calculation should use the adjusted body weight formula when actual body weight exceeds ideal body weight by more than 25%.