Questions and Answers
Which component in asthma is reversible?
What is a potential long-term consequence of repeated lung infections due to bronchiectasis?
What clinical manifestation might indicate a severe asthma attack?
Which diagnostic test is NOT typically used for lung disorders?
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In asthma, which of the following changes is considered irreversible?
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What often occurs later in a severe asthma attack?
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What best describes the condition of bronchiectasis?
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What symptom is associated with prolonged expiration during an asthma attack?
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Which type of emphysema is characterized by the involvement of the proximal part of the acini while sparing the distal alveoli?
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What is the first symptom commonly associated with emphysema due to decreased lung function?
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What characteristic change in lung tissue occurs in emphysema?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical manifestation of emphysema?
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Which diagnostic test is specifically useful for evaluating the extent of emphysema and assessing lung function?
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In which type of emphysema is the distal alveoli involved first and the acini uniformly enlarged?
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Which of the following best describes the common description associated with patients who have emphysema?
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What physiological change occurs in the pulmonary capillary bed in patients with emphysema?
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What is a common physiological consequence of the changes seen in emphysema?
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Which of the following best describes the breathing pattern of 'pink puffers'?
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In contrast to 'blue bloaters', what physical characteristic is typically seen in 'pink puffers'?
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What is a common clinical manifestation of chronic bronchitis?
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Which lung volume change is typically noted in patients with emphysema?
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What is one primary cause of blood not being adequately oxygenated in emphysema?
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What diagnostic test is essential for assessing the severity of emphysema?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical physiological change in a person with emphysema?
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Study Notes
Emphysema
- Centri-acinar emphysema affects the proximal part of acini, sparing distal alveoli; common in smokers.
- Pan-acinar emphysema features uniformly enlarged acini, with distal alveoli affected first; linked to α1-antitrypsin deficiency.
- Loss of alveolar elasticity leads to decreased elastic recoil, resulting in air sac enlargement and trapping.
- Lung permanently inflated; decreased FEV1 is the first symptom.
- Elastic tissue is replaced with fibrous tissue, affecting lung tissue distal to terminal bronchioles.
- Impaired oxygen diffusion and respiratory acidosis from decreased carbon dioxide diffusion.
- Clinical manifestations include dyspnoea, wheezing, cough (late symptom), barrel chest, pursed lip breathing, weight loss.
- Terms: “Pink puffer” signifies hypoxia in late stages; TLC, RV increased, FEV1 decreased.
Diagnostic Tests for Emphysema
- Lung function tests, chest X-ray, CT scans, and pulse oximetry are used for diagnosis.
Chronic Bronchitis
- Defined by hyper-secretion of mucus and a chronic productive cough for at least three months per year over two years.
- Various causes include smoking and air pollution.
- Disease begins in larger bronchi; later stages involve small airway disease.
- Obstruction is due to excessive mucus production that isn't effectively cleared.
Relationship between Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
- Most COPD patients exhibit a mix of bronchial inflammation and alveolar destruction.
- "Blue bloater" refers to chronic bronchitis with potential cor pulmonale resulting in peripheral edema.
Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis
- Symptoms include cough, wheeze, cyanosis (blue bloater), with increased TLC, RV, and decreased FEV1.
- Diagnostic methods mirror those for emphysema: pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas analysis, chest X-rays, CT scans.
Asthma
- A chronic disease characterized by airway inflammation, intermittent airflow obstruction, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness.
- Triggers include environmental allergens, infections, certain foods, exercise, tobacco/occupational exposure.
- Types:
- Extrinsic (atopic): IgE responses to environmental antigens (Type 1 hypersensitivity).
- Intrinsic (non-atopic): Non-immune stimuli like aspirin, stress, and exercise.
- Airways exhibit smooth muscle cell and mucus gland hypertrophy.
Clinical Manifestations of Asthma
- Symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnoea, prolonged expiration, tachypnoea, tachycardia.
- Respiratory acidosis may occur during severe obstruction.
Bronchiectasis
- A condition characterized by widened, flabby, and scarred airways due to damage, often following infection.
- impairs ability to clear mucus, promoting bacterial growth and serious lung infections.
- Cor pulmonale refers to right heart enlargement due to lung disease.
Diagnostic Tests for Lung Disorders
- Lung function tests via spirometry, arterial blood gas analysis, blood tests, chest X-ray, and CT scans are essential for evaluating lung conditions.
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Description
This quiz covers the types of emphysema as seen on chest X-rays, examining both centri-acinar and pan-acinar forms. It highlights the typical patterns associated with smoking and α1-antitrypsin deficiency, providing insight into alveolar changes. Test your knowledge of these important concepts in pathology.
