Micro - Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (trans)
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Questions and Answers

Which countries were certified polio-free as of 2000?

  • Philippines and Pakistan
  • Philippines and Nigeria (correct)
  • Philippines and Afghanistan
  • United States and Canada

    • What significant event regarding polio surveillance occurred in 1988?

  • World Health Assembly identified endemic countries
  • World Health Assembly launched a new vaccine
  • World Health Assembly certified countries as polio-free
  • World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate polio by 2000 (correct)

    • As of 2013, which countries remained endemic for wild type polio?

  • Nigeria, Pakistan, and Philippines
  • Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan (correct)
  • Philippines, Nigeria, and Afghanistan
  • Pakistan, Cameroon, and Nigeria

    • What type of program was implemented in Feb to Mar 2002 in the Philippines?

    <p>Supplemental immunization activity Balik Patak program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country was certified polio-free by 2000?

    <p>Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the strategies used for AFP case surveillance?

    <p>Stool sample testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes emerging diseases?

    <p>Diseases that have not been previously observed but are now appearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines re-emerging diseases?

    <p>Previously recognized diseases that are increasing in frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to the emergence of diseases?

    <p>Stable ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary diseases discussed in relation to emerging infectious diseases?

    <p>Monkeypox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was SARS recognized as an emerging infectious disease?

    <p>2003</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a vaccine-preventable disease mentioned?

    <p>Monkeypox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary mode of transmission for the Monkeypox virus?

    <p>Close contact with infected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is likely used for diagnosing Monkeypox?

    <p>PCR test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is likely a significant finding from the 2022 outbreak of Monkeypox?

    <p>Increased cases primarily in non-endemic countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to the emergence of new diseases?

    <p>Improved sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological factor allows infectious agents to evolve into new niches?

    <p>Human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the spread of diseases among new hosts?

    <p>Poverty and social inequality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a vaccine-preventable disease?

    <p>Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of internal travel and commerce regarding diseases?

    <p>Increased potential for disease spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT facilitate diseases reaching new hosts?

    <p>Increased healthcare access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does poverty and social inequality play in the emergence of new diseases?

    <p>It hinders effective public health responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is primarily associated with the hepatitis B virus?

    <p>Liver infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major consequence of the breakdown of public health measures?

    <p>Increased transmission of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does human behavior impact the spread of diseases?

    <p>It creates opportunities for disease emergence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disease that is caused by a virus closely related to coronaviruses?

    <p>MERS-CoV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with the 2009 pandemic?

    <p>H1N1 Influenza A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is known to cause Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome?

    <p>MERS-CoV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diseases are arboviruses categorized as?

    <p>Vector-borne diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has increased in reports despite having declined previously?

    <p>Re-emerging diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which influenza strain was first reported in 2013 linked to avian origins?

    <p>H7N9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SARS-CoV-2 primarily cause?

    <p>COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by its transmission through animal vectors?

    <p>Monkeypox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of coronaviruses?

    <p>Causes only respiratory diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant challenge in managing influenza pandemics?

    <p>Unpredictable mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cVDPV cases is caused by Type 2?

    <p>86%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the National Polio Outbreak declared in the Philippines?

    <p>September 19, 2019</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total number of polio cases reported from September 2019 to October 2020?

    <p>28 cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary government response to the polio outbreak?

    <p>Enhanced surveillance and lab testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of poliovirus has been removed from the trivalent OPV?

    <p>Type 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of 2020, how many countries were still endemic for polio?

    <p>2 countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the vaccine introduction year after which polio cases decreased by more than 99%?

    <p>1988</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of poliovirus causes only 1% of cVDPV cases?

    <p>Type 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the outbreak declared over?

    <p>June 11, 2021</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the number of polio cases worldwide in 2020?

    <p>140 cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emerging Diseases

    • Appeared and affected a population for the first time.
    • Has existed previously but is rapidly increasing in terms of number of new cases

    Re-emerging Diseases

    • Have affected a given area in the past, declined or were controlled, but are again being reported in increasing numbers.

    Contributing Factors to Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases

    • Technology and industry
    • Internal travel and commerce
    • Breakdown of public health measures
    • Poverty and social inequality
    • War and famine
    • Intent to harm

    Vaccine-Preventable Diseases:

    • Measles
    • Polio
    • Diphtheria
    • Pertussis

    Polio

    • 1988: 350,000 cases in 125 countries.
    • Went down by more than 99% after vaccine introduction.
    • 2020: 140 cases in 2 countries (Pakistan & Afghanistan).
    • Philippines certified polio-free with the last case reported in 1993.
    • Cases in the Philippines from 2019 to October 2020: 28 cases.
    • Outbreak declared over on June 11, 2021.

    Diphtheria

    • Vaccine introduction in the Philippines led to a dramatic decline in cases.
    • Cases in the Philippines have surged in recent years after being nearly eradicated.

    Emerging or Zoonotic Viral Diseases

    • Avian Influenza
    • Pandemic Influenza
    • Arboviruses/Vector-borne diseases
    • Coronaviruses

    Henipavirus and Ebola

    • Henipavirus
    • Ebola virus disease

    Novel Human Coronaviruses

    • Human Coronavirus Serotypes
    • SARS-CoV
    • MERS-CoV
    • COVID-19

    All about Monkeypox

    • Monkeypox virus
    • Epidemiology: MPox
    • Clades of Monkeypox
    • Reasons for emergence of Monkeypox
    • Modes of Transmission of Monkeypox.
    • Progression of Monkeypox
    • Findings in the 2022 Outbreak
    • Diagnostic Tests
    • Treatment for Monkeypox
    • Prevention of Monkeypox
    • Vaccination Against Monkeypox.

    Summary of Monkeypox

    • Monkeypox is an emerging and remerging disease that can affect humans.
    • It is caused by the monkeypox virus and can be transmitted through contact with infected animals, humans, or contaminated materials.
    • The disease is characterized by a rash, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
    • Treatment options include antiviral medications and supportive care.
    • Vaccination against monkeypox is available and recommended for individuals who are at risk of exposure.

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    Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of emerging and re-emerging diseases, their definitions, and contributing factors. Additionally, it highlights vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, polio, and diphtheria, along with key statistics and trends. Test your knowledge on these critical public health issues.

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