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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of shock?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of shock?
What is the primary cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes?
What is the term for the unexpected death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest within 6 hours of an otherwise normal, healthy clinical state?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of shock?
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What is the term for an abnormal thickness of the left ventricular wall?
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What is the term for the commotio cordis?
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What is the primary goal of cardiovascular preparticipation screening?
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What is the term for the inflammatory condition of the muscular walls of the heart?
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What is the term for the blockage of blood flow to the brain?
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What is the primary symptom of anaphylactic shock?
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What is the typical age of onset for Type 1 Diabetes?
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What is the likely cause of a heart attack?
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What is the most common cause of syncope?
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What is the characteristic of insulin production in Type 1 Diabetes?
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What is the nutritional status of most people with Type 1 Diabetes?
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What is the primary treatment for anaphylactic shock?
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What is the typical symptom of syncope?
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What type of onset is typical for Type 2 Diabetes?
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What percentage of patients with Type 2 Diabetes require insulin therapy?
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What is the appropriate management of syncope?
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What is the difference between syncope and presyncope?
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What is the role of diet in managing Type 1 Diabetes?
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What is the common feature of anaphylactic shock, heart attack, and syncope?
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What is a common complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
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Which of the following groups is at high incidence of gestational diabetes?
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What is a characteristic of a severe hypoglycemic episode in Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
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What is a type of seizure characterized by repeated or rhythmic jerking muscle movements?
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What is a common symptom of heat exhaustion?
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What is a common cause of ineffective circulatory adjustments in heat exhaustion?
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What is the primary mechanism of heat stroke?
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What is a common complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) that can lead to aseptic necrosis (gangrene diseases)?
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What is the primary management strategy for Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm?
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What is a characteristic of gestational diabetes?
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What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
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Which of the following is a symptom of diabetes?
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What happens when glucose cannot enter the body's cells?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?
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What is the consequences of excess glucose in the urine?
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Study Notes
Emergency Conditions
Anaphylactic Shock
- Symptoms: wheezing, unable to talk, hives on body, swollen face, nausea, dizziness, weak rapid pulse, low blood pressure
- Treatment: EpiPen, activate eap
Heart Attack
- Cause: blockage in heart blood flow
- Symptoms: chest pain, pain in left side, pain may come and go, nausea, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, fatigue, cold sweat
- Treatment: activate eap, begin CPR if needed
Syncope (Fainting)
- Cause: sudden, transient loss of consciousness
- Primary causes: cardiac, circulatory, metabolic, neurological, reflex syncope
- Signs and symptoms: restlessness, pallor, weakness, sighing, yawning, diaphoresis, nausea, lightheadedness, blurred vision, collapse, loss of consciousness
Shock
- Cause: heart unable to exert adequate pressure to circulate enough oxygenated blood to vital organs
- Causes: damaged heart, low blood volume, blood vessel dilation
- Signs and symptoms: restlessness, anxiety, disorientation, dizziness, cold, clammy, moist skin, profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, shallow, irregular breathing, rapid and weak pulse
Sudden Cardiac Death
- Definition: unexpected death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest within 6 hours of an otherwise normal, healthy clinical state
- Causes: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, acquired valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, Marfan syndrome
Cardiovascular Preparticipation Screening
- Standard screening approach: medical history, physical examination, and assessment of risk factors
- Referral to a cardiologist for more extensive screening
- Clearance for participation must be resolved on an individual basis
Stroke
- Cause: blood flow to the brain becomes blocked
- Symptoms: trouble speaking, slurred speech, numbness, paralysis, trouble walking, headache, vision disturbances
- Treatment: activate eap
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Definition: chronic metabolic disorder characterized by near or absolute lack of insulin
- Risk factors: heredity, aging, minority ethnicity, obesity, gender, stress, infection, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet
- Physiology: insulin promotes glucose storage in muscles and liver, lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose levels, dehydration, and ketoacidosis
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Circulatory: susceptible to CHD, 80% of diabetics die of cardiovascular causes
- Nerve: nerve deterioration, undetected injuries caused by poor sensation may lead to aseptic necrosis (gangrene diseases)
- Hypoglycemia: common in type 1 DM, symptoms include confusion, drowsiness, shakiness, and hunger
Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (EIB)
- Definition: constriction of airways during exercise
- Symptoms: chest pain and tightness, dry cough, shortness of breath after or during exercise
- Management: prescribed medications, use of inhaler, proper warm-up and cooldown
Seizures
- Generalized seizures: absence, tonic, atonic, clonic, myoclonic, tonic-clonic
- Etiology: result of a shift in the normal balance of excitation and inhibition within the CNS
Weather Concerns - Heat
- Heat Exhaustion: symptoms include headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, fatigue, sweating, cool clammy skin, possibly gray complexion, body temperature >104
- Treatment: remove equipment, move to shaded area, remove excess clothes, use fans, ice, etc. to cool
- Heat Stroke: decreased blood plasma volumes cause heart to beat faster and work harder, hypothalamus shuts down, sweat stops, body temperature >104
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Description
Identify the symptoms and treatment of anaphylactic shock and heart attack, two critical emergency conditions that require immediate medical attention.
