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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of shock?
What is the primary cause of shock?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of shock?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of shock?
What is the primary cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes?
What is the primary cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes?
What is the term for the unexpected death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest within 6 hours of an otherwise normal, healthy clinical state?
What is the term for the unexpected death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest within 6 hours of an otherwise normal, healthy clinical state?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of shock?
Which of the following is NOT a type of shock?
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What is the term for an abnormal thickness of the left ventricular wall?
What is the term for an abnormal thickness of the left ventricular wall?
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What is the term for the commotio cordis?
What is the term for the commotio cordis?
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What is the primary goal of cardiovascular preparticipation screening?
What is the primary goal of cardiovascular preparticipation screening?
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What is the term for the inflammatory condition of the muscular walls of the heart?
What is the term for the inflammatory condition of the muscular walls of the heart?
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What is the term for the blockage of blood flow to the brain?
What is the term for the blockage of blood flow to the brain?
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What is the primary symptom of anaphylactic shock?
What is the primary symptom of anaphylactic shock?
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What is the typical age of onset for Type 1 Diabetes?
What is the typical age of onset for Type 1 Diabetes?
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What is the likely cause of a heart attack?
What is the likely cause of a heart attack?
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What is the most common cause of syncope?
What is the most common cause of syncope?
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What is the characteristic of insulin production in Type 1 Diabetes?
What is the characteristic of insulin production in Type 1 Diabetes?
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What is the nutritional status of most people with Type 1 Diabetes?
What is the nutritional status of most people with Type 1 Diabetes?
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What is the primary treatment for anaphylactic shock?
What is the primary treatment for anaphylactic shock?
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What is the typical symptom of syncope?
What is the typical symptom of syncope?
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What type of onset is typical for Type 2 Diabetes?
What type of onset is typical for Type 2 Diabetes?
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What percentage of patients with Type 2 Diabetes require insulin therapy?
What percentage of patients with Type 2 Diabetes require insulin therapy?
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What is the appropriate management of syncope?
What is the appropriate management of syncope?
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What is the difference between syncope and presyncope?
What is the difference between syncope and presyncope?
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What is the role of diet in managing Type 1 Diabetes?
What is the role of diet in managing Type 1 Diabetes?
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What is the common feature of anaphylactic shock, heart attack, and syncope?
What is the common feature of anaphylactic shock, heart attack, and syncope?
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What is a common complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
What is a common complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
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Which of the following groups is at high incidence of gestational diabetes?
Which of the following groups is at high incidence of gestational diabetes?
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What is a characteristic of a severe hypoglycemic episode in Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
What is a characteristic of a severe hypoglycemic episode in Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?
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What is a type of seizure characterized by repeated or rhythmic jerking muscle movements?
What is a type of seizure characterized by repeated or rhythmic jerking muscle movements?
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What is a common symptom of heat exhaustion?
What is a common symptom of heat exhaustion?
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What is a common cause of ineffective circulatory adjustments in heat exhaustion?
What is a common cause of ineffective circulatory adjustments in heat exhaustion?
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What is the primary mechanism of heat stroke?
What is the primary mechanism of heat stroke?
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What is a common complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) that can lead to aseptic necrosis (gangrene diseases)?
What is a common complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) that can lead to aseptic necrosis (gangrene diseases)?
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What is the primary management strategy for Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm?
What is the primary management strategy for Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm?
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What is a characteristic of gestational diabetes?
What is a characteristic of gestational diabetes?
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What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
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Which of the following is a symptom of diabetes?
Which of the following is a symptom of diabetes?
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What happens when glucose cannot enter the body's cells?
What happens when glucose cannot enter the body's cells?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?
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What is the consequences of excess glucose in the urine?
What is the consequences of excess glucose in the urine?
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Study Notes
Emergency Conditions
Anaphylactic Shock
- Symptoms: wheezing, unable to talk, hives on body, swollen face, nausea, dizziness, weak rapid pulse, low blood pressure
- Treatment: EpiPen, activate eap
Heart Attack
- Cause: blockage in heart blood flow
- Symptoms: chest pain, pain in left side, pain may come and go, nausea, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, fatigue, cold sweat
- Treatment: activate eap, begin CPR if needed
Syncope (Fainting)
- Cause: sudden, transient loss of consciousness
- Primary causes: cardiac, circulatory, metabolic, neurological, reflex syncope
- Signs and symptoms: restlessness, pallor, weakness, sighing, yawning, diaphoresis, nausea, lightheadedness, blurred vision, collapse, loss of consciousness
Shock
- Cause: heart unable to exert adequate pressure to circulate enough oxygenated blood to vital organs
- Causes: damaged heart, low blood volume, blood vessel dilation
- Signs and symptoms: restlessness, anxiety, disorientation, dizziness, cold, clammy, moist skin, profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, shallow, irregular breathing, rapid and weak pulse
Sudden Cardiac Death
- Definition: unexpected death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest within 6 hours of an otherwise normal, healthy clinical state
- Causes: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, acquired valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, Marfan syndrome
Cardiovascular Preparticipation Screening
- Standard screening approach: medical history, physical examination, and assessment of risk factors
- Referral to a cardiologist for more extensive screening
- Clearance for participation must be resolved on an individual basis
Stroke
- Cause: blood flow to the brain becomes blocked
- Symptoms: trouble speaking, slurred speech, numbness, paralysis, trouble walking, headache, vision disturbances
- Treatment: activate eap
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Definition: chronic metabolic disorder characterized by near or absolute lack of insulin
- Risk factors: heredity, aging, minority ethnicity, obesity, gender, stress, infection, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet
- Physiology: insulin promotes glucose storage in muscles and liver, lack of insulin leads to high blood glucose levels, dehydration, and ketoacidosis
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
- Circulatory: susceptible to CHD, 80% of diabetics die of cardiovascular causes
- Nerve: nerve deterioration, undetected injuries caused by poor sensation may lead to aseptic necrosis (gangrene diseases)
- Hypoglycemia: common in type 1 DM, symptoms include confusion, drowsiness, shakiness, and hunger
Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (EIB)
- Definition: constriction of airways during exercise
- Symptoms: chest pain and tightness, dry cough, shortness of breath after or during exercise
- Management: prescribed medications, use of inhaler, proper warm-up and cooldown
Seizures
- Generalized seizures: absence, tonic, atonic, clonic, myoclonic, tonic-clonic
- Etiology: result of a shift in the normal balance of excitation and inhibition within the CNS
Weather Concerns - Heat
- Heat Exhaustion: symptoms include headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, fatigue, sweating, cool clammy skin, possibly gray complexion, body temperature >104
- Treatment: remove equipment, move to shaded area, remove excess clothes, use fans, ice, etc. to cool
- Heat Stroke: decreased blood plasma volumes cause heart to beat faster and work harder, hypothalamus shuts down, sweat stops, body temperature >104
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Description
Identify the symptoms and treatment of anaphylactic shock and heart attack, two critical emergency conditions that require immediate medical attention.
