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Questions and Answers
A _____ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
A _____ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
element
A _____ is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
A _____ is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
compound
_____ are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
_____ are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
Isotopes
_____ are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
_____ are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
A _____ is the outermost electron shell of an atom; it determines the chemical properties of the atom.
A _____ is the outermost electron shell of an atom; it determines the chemical properties of the atom.
An _____ is a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
An _____ is a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
A _____ is a positively charged ion.
A _____ is a positively charged ion.
_____ is the measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons.
_____ is the measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons.
A _____ is a type of chemical bond in which electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, resulting in a dipole.
A _____ is a type of chemical bond in which electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, resulting in a dipole.
In a _____, electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
In a _____, electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
An _____ is a force that occurs between molecules.
An _____ is a force that occurs between molecules.
An _____ is a force that holds atoms together within a molecule.
An _____ is a force that holds atoms together within a molecule.
A _____ is a chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
A _____ is a chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
A _____ is the building block of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
A _____ is the building block of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
_____ inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor binds to the active site.
_____ inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor binds to the active site.
_____ is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic.
_____ is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic.
An _____ is a type of covalent bond that joins a fatty acid to a glycerol molecule.
An _____ is a type of covalent bond that joins a fatty acid to a glycerol molecule.
_____ are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the organism, and therefore must be supplied in the diet.
_____ are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the organism, and therefore must be supplied in the diet.
_____ is a polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds.
_____ is a polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds.
_____ is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic instructions for all known living organisms and many viruses.
_____ is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic instructions for all known living organisms and many viruses.
_____ is having a lower osmotic pressure than another fluid or solution.
_____ is having a lower osmotic pressure than another fluid or solution.
_____ is a process by which a cell exports bulky materials, such as proteins or polysaccharides.
_____ is a process by which a cell exports bulky materials, such as proteins or polysaccharides.
_____ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
_____ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
A _____ is an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative atom.
A _____ is an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative atom.
A _____ is a chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
A _____ is a chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
A _____ is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a chemical bond.
A _____ is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a chemical bond.
_____ is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C.
_____ is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C.
_____ are molecules that are attracted to water.
_____ are molecules that are attracted to water.
_____ are molecules that repel water.
_____ are molecules that repel water.
A _____ is a substance that minimizes changes in pH.
A _____ is a substance that minimizes changes in pH.
A _____ is a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.
A _____ is a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.
A _____ is a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together.
A _____ is a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together.
A _____ is the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
A _____ is the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
A _____ is an organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound hydrophobic.
A _____ is an organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound hydrophobic.
A _____ is a molecule consisting of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.
A _____ is a molecule consisting of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain.
_____ are lipids consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.
_____ are lipids consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.
_____ are fats in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.
_____ are fats in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.
_____ are fats with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail. They do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
_____ are fats with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail. They do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
A _____ is a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophilic head.
A _____ is a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophilic head.
A _____ is a type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is generally arranged in four fused rings.
A _____ is a type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is generally arranged in four fused rings.
_____ is a natural oily or waxy substance.
_____ is a natural oily or waxy substance.
A _____ is a functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
A _____ is a functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
_____is a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.
_____is a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.
An _____ is an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer of proteins.
An _____ is an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer of proteins.
_____ is a process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature.
_____ is a process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature.
A _____ is a reactant on which an enzyme works.
A _____ is a reactant on which an enzyme works.
A _____ is the part of an enzyme where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface.
A _____ is the part of an enzyme where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface.
A _____ is a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
A _____ is a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
_____ is a steroid that is an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids, such as hormones.
_____ is a steroid that is an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids, such as hormones.
_____ is a monosaccharide sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.
_____ is a monosaccharide sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.
_____is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants, from which refined cane sugar and beet sugar are extracted.
_____is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose subunits. It is produced naturally in plants, from which refined cane sugar and beet sugar are extracted.
_____ is the cellular uptake of macromolecules or particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that pinch off and form vesicles.
_____ is the cellular uptake of macromolecules or particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that pinch off and form vesicles.
_____ is the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy.
_____ is the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy.
The _____ is currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
The _____ is currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
A _____ is a biological macromolecule made of monosaccharides.
A _____ is a biological macromolecule made of monosaccharides.
_____ are single-sugar monomers.
_____ are single-sugar monomers.
A _____ is a sugar containing two monosaccharides.
A _____ is a sugar containing two monosaccharides.
A _____ is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
A _____ is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
A _____ is a carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.
A _____ is a carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.
A _____ is a molecule made of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond.
A _____ is a molecule made of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond.
An _____ is a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
An _____ is a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
_____ inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor binds to the enzyme somewhere other than the active site.
_____ inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor binds to the enzyme somewhere other than the active site.
A _____ is a carbon atom joined to a hydroxyl group by a single bond and to an oxygen atom by a double bond.
A _____ is a carbon atom joined to a hydroxyl group by a single bond and to an oxygen atom by a double bond.
An _____ is a functional group or chemical compound containing an oxygen atom connected to two (substituted) alkyl or aryl groups.
An _____ is a functional group or chemical compound containing an oxygen atom connected to two (substituted) alkyl or aryl groups.
_____ is a simple monosaccharide found in plants and animals.
_____ is a simple monosaccharide found in plants and animals.
_____ is a polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls.
_____ is a polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls.
_____ is a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
_____ is a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
_____ is having the same osmotic pressure as another fluid or solution.
_____ is having the same osmotic pressure as another fluid or solution.
_____ is the movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring an input of energy (often as ATP).
_____ is the movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring an input of energy (often as ATP).
_____ is the transport of a substance across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins.
_____ is the transport of a substance across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins.
Complete the table below to summarize the subunits that make up biological macromolecules. Complex Carbohydrate (starch).
Complete the table below to summarize the subunits that make up biological macromolecules. Complex Carbohydrate (starch).
Complete the table below to summarize the subunits that make up biological macromolecules. Lipid (triglycerides).
Complete the table below to summarize the subunits that make up biological macromolecules. Lipid (triglycerides).
Complete the table below to summarize the subunits that make up biological macromolecules. Protein.
Complete the table below to summarize the subunits that make up biological macromolecules. Protein.
Complete the table below to summarize the subunits that make up biological macromolecules. Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA).
Complete the table below to summarize the subunits that make up biological macromolecules. Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA).
Describe the four levels of structure for proteins.
Describe the four levels of structure for proteins.
How does an enzyme speed up a reaction?
How does an enzyme speed up a reaction?
According to the induced-fit model, how does an enzyme accommodate its substrate?
According to the induced-fit model, how does an enzyme accommodate its substrate?
What is the optimal pH for most enzymes?
What is the optimal pH for most enzymes?
What two functional groups are found on an amino acid?
What two functional groups are found on an amino acid?
How does a continual increase in temperature affect enzyme activity?
How does a continual increase in temperature affect enzyme activity?
What type of bond forms between two atoms that have similar electronegativities?
What type of bond forms between two atoms that have similar electronegativities?
Explain the difference between structural, geometric and optical isomers.
Explain the difference between structural, geometric and optical isomers.
Compare and contrast the four different types of lipids
Compare and contrast the four different types of lipids
What property of water allows for capillary action to occur?
What property of water allows for capillary action to occur?
Are functional groups ionic, polar or non-polar?
Are functional groups ionic, polar or non-polar?
What kind of functional group does a fatty acid contain?
What kind of functional group does a fatty acid contain?
Compare and contrast competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors.
Compare and contrast competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors.
What two monosaccharides make up sucrose?
What two monosaccharides make up sucrose?
Flashcards
Element
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Compound
Compound
A substance consisting of two or more elements chemically bonded together.
Isotope
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
Isomer
Isomer
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Valence electron
Valence electron
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Ionic bond
Ionic bond
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Cation
Cation
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Anion
Anion
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity
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Polar covalent bond
Polar covalent bond
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Study Notes
- This review is a guide, remember to use your notes, assigned textbook work and videos
Key Vocabulary
- Element: A pure substance consisting only of atoms with the same number of protons.
- Compound: A substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio.
- Isotope: Variants of a chemical element which differ in neutron number, and consequently in nucleon number.
- Isomer: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas, i.e. different arrangements of atoms in space.
- Valence Electron: An electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell of the atom, that can be transferred to or shared with another atom.
- Ionic Bond: A type of chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Cation: A positively charged ion.
- Anion: A negatively charged ion.
- Electronegativity: A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons towards itself.
- Polar Covalent Bond: A type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.
- Non-polar Covalent Bond: A type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is equally shared between two atoms.
- Intermolecular Force: Forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring molecules.
- Intramolecular Force: Any force that binds together the atoms making up a molecule or compound.
- Peptide Bond: A chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water.
- Nucleotide: The basic building block of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group.
- Competitive Inhibition: The process where a substance reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate.
- Glycerol: A simple polyol compound with three hydroxyl groups.
- Ester Linkage: A chemical bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.
- Essential Amino Acids: Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be supplied in the diet.
- Starch: A polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers, used as energy storage in plants.
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): A molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
- Hypotonic: Having lower osmotic pressure than another solution, causing water to move into the cell.
- Exocytosis: A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
- Osmosis: A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
- Hydrogen Bond: A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
- Dehydration Reaction: A chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule.
- Hydrolysis Reaction: A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound.
- Specific Heat: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
- Hydrophilic Molecules: Molecules that have an affinity for water.
- Hydrophobic Molecules: Molecules that repel water.
- Buffer: A solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it.
- Functional Group: A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for a characteristic of that molecule.
- Carbohydrate: A biomolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
- Polymer: A substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits.
- Monomer: A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
- Lipid: A biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.
- Fatty Acid: A carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group.
- Triglycerides: An ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Saturated Fat: A type of fat containing a high proportion of saturated fatty acids molecules without double bonds.
- Unsaturated Fat: A type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acids molecules with at least one double bond.
- Phospholipid: A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule.
- Steroid: A lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
- Wax: A type of lipid consisting of a long-chain ester.
- Monosaccharides: The simplest form of sugar and a building block for carbohydrates.
- Disaccharide: A carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic linkage.
- Glycosidic Bond: A type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
- Polysaccharide: A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.
- Dipeptide: A molecule consisting of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond.
- Enzyme: A macromolecular biological catalyst.
- Noncompetitive Inhibition: A type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate.
- Carboxyl Group: A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH).
- Ether Linkage: An ether is a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group — an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.
- Glucose: A simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.
- Cellulose: An insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton.
- RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): A polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.
- Isotonic: Having the same osmotic pressure as another solution.
- Active Transport: The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
- Facilitated Diffusion: The process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
- Protein: A biomolecule consisting of one or more chains of amino acids.
- Nucleic Acid: A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.
- Amino Acid: An organic molecule containing a basic amino group (-NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH), and an organic R group that is unique to each amino acid.
- Denaturation: A process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, organic solvent or heat.
- Substrate: A molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
- Active Site: The region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
- Carbonyl Group: A functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O).
- Cholesterol: A type of lipid known as a sterol. Cholesterol is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes and is the precursor to all steroid hormones.
- Fructose: A simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is a structural isomer of glucose.
- Sucrose: A common disaccharide with the molecular formula C12H22O11; It is composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.
- Hypertonic: Having higher osmotic pressure than another solution, causing water to move out of the cell.
- Endocytosis: A process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.
- Passive Transport: A type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes.
- Fluid Mosaic Model: A model of the cell membrane structure as a mosaic of components — including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates — that gives the membrane a fluid character.
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