00-25-172 Chapter 2

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Questions and Answers

Match the following electrostatic concepts with their definitions:

Grounding = Connecting metallic objects to ground electrodes Bonding = Connecting two or more metallic objects to equalize potential Stray Currents = Electrical currents flowing through unintended paths Combustion = The process requiring fuel vapors, air, and an ignition source

Match the following scenarios with potential sources of static electricity:

Dust blowing across a surface = Generation of static charge Removing items of clothing = Static charge buildup Liquid flowing through a pipe = Static electricity generation Moving vehicles = Common means of producing static electricity

Match the following temperatures with their significance in combustion hazards:

-10 °F = Flammable vapors exist over JP-4 -50 °F = Flammable vapors exist over aviation gasoline Low humidity = Increases electrostatic hazard characteristics High humidity = Decreases electrostatic charging potential

Match the following hazards to their characteristics:

Electrostatic energy = Ignition source for petroleum fires Static charge buildup = Dissipated by connections to ground Stray currents = Do not eliminate through grounding Combustion requirements = Involves fuel vapors, air, and ignition source Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their related processes:

Grounding = Effective means of controlling hazards Bonding = Equalizing electrostatic potential Static electricity = Frequently generated by material contact Ignition = Result of proper fuel and air ratio Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects on electrostatic charge with their causes:

Humidity = Affects static electricity characteristics Conductive parts = Stray currents can flow through Metallic objects = Used in grounding and bonding Fuel vapor ratio = Determines ignition potential Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their implications in refueling operations:

Static charge on clothing = Generated by normal activities during refueling Humidity effects = On electrostatic hazards in clothing materials Ground connections = Protect against static charge buildup Electrostatic discharges = May ignite fuel vapors Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions related to electrostatic hazards with their consequences:

Low humidity = Higher potential for static charge generation Proper grounding = Control of electrostatic hazards Stray currents present = Electrical paths not intended for circuits Combustion process = Requires specific elements to occur Signup and view all the answers

Match the following inspection types with their descriptions:

Visual Inspection = Check for loosely mounted receptacles and corrosion Electrical Resistance Test = Measure resistance between receptacle and aircraft skin Pull Resistance Test = Check required force to withdraw plug from receptacle Continuity Check = Verify all receptacles are electrically interconnected Signup and view all the answers

Match the hardware items with their corresponding part numbers:

Clamp = PN M83413/7-1 Plug = PN M83413/4-1 Cable = NSN 4010-00-286-2681 Jack Assembly = PN MS90298 Signup and view all the answers

Match the resistance criteria with their specific requirements:

One ohm or less = Electrical resistance between receptacles and aircraft skin Pull of less than eight pounds = Indicates weak or damaged receptacle Pull of eight to fourteen pounds = Indicates acceptable receptacle strength Pull of ten foot pounds or greater = Indicates possible corroded receptacle Signup and view all the answers

Match the replacement criteria with the corresponding actions:

Clamp jaws deformed = Replace clamp Cable wires broken = Replace cable if over one-third broken Plug heavily dented = Replace plug Jack assembly outdated = Replace with PN MS90298 receptacles Signup and view all the answers

Match the tools with their specific descriptions:

Static grounding/bonding cable = Used for continuity checks Spring scale = Measures pull resistance in pounds 815AFA bridge = Used for electrical resistance testing Wire rope swaging sleeve = Secures cable loops for tests Signup and view all the answers

Match the test methods with their corresponding equipment used:

Electrical resistance test = Requires stainless steel plug, PN MS3493 Pull resistance test = Utilizes spring scale, NSN 6635-00-578-5286 Visual inspection = Involves checking for corrosion and loose mounts Continuity check = Utilizes portable static grounding cable Signup and view all the answers

Match the consequence of pull test results with their implications:

Pull of less than six pounds = Weak or damaged receptacle Pull of eight to fourteen pounds = Acceptable receptacle strength Pull of over fourteen pounds = Possible corroded receptacle Firmly seated plug = Indicates good connection and strength Signup and view all the answers

Match the maintenance actions with their respective inspection frequency:

Inspect electrical receptacles = During appropriate maintenance interval Test electrical resistance = After receptacle maintenance Inspect for corrosion = At specified intervals in technical orders Check spring tension = During routine checks of receptacle integrity Signup and view all the answers

Match the clamp characteristics with their descriptions:

Clamp PN M83413/7-1 = Standard clamp for most applications Robust 'alligator' clamp = Used when space limitations occur Inspection screw = Secures cable to grounding clip Sealant = Prevents screws from backing out Signup and view all the answers

Match the criteria for grounding/bonding hardware with their details:

Clamp = Replace if jaws are deformed or spring is weak Plug PN M83413/4-1 = Inspect for corrosion and deformation Cable = Check for broken wires more than one-third Clamp-plug unit = Consists of clamp and plug with cable Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts with their associated functions:

Electrical receptacles = Facilitate grounding and bonding Grounding/bonding plug = Connects to receptacle for testing Grounding cable = Used in resistance tests Clamp = Establishes physical connection to ground Signup and view all the answers

Match the following static electricity concepts with their descriptions:

Static charge = Can accumulate on objects in fuel tanks due to fuel flow Antistatic finishes = Gradually removed by laundering or dry cleaning Grounding = Attaching to a bonding point to dissipate static Surface resistivity = Less than $10^{12}$ ohms allows for charge dissipation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fuel types with their characteristics:

JP-4 = Lower flash point fuel with higher vapor ignition hazard JP-5 = Higher flash point fuel, safer than JP-4 JP-8 = Preferred fuel with conductivity additives Conductivity additive = Decreases relaxation time of electrostatic charges Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tank filling rates with their pipe diameters:

0.75 inches = 32 gallons/minute 1.50 inches = 125 gallons/minute 2.00 inches = 225 gallons/minute 4.00 inches = 627 gallons/minute Signup and view all the answers

Match the following personnel safety precautions with the hazards they address:

Evacuating during storms = Risk of lightning strikes to servicing personnel Bonding equipment = Prevents static discharge during fuel servicing Using gloves = Dissipates static charges safely Avoiding connector pins = Protects sensitive electronic components Signup and view all the answers

Match the following electrical phenomena with their effects:

Static electricity = Generated by operating engines and rotor blades Spark discharge = Can ignite fuel vapor-air mixtures Body perspiration = Increases electrical conductivity of clothing Insulated footwear = Limits dissipation of static charges Signup and view all the answers

Match the following electrical resistance values with their implications:

Less than $10^{10}$ ohms = Allows charging equalization via bonding Less than $10^{12}$ ohms = Allows normal grounding procedures to dissipate charges High resistivity = Restricts static charge dissipation Low humidity = Reduces antistatic effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aircraft precautions with their reasons:

Close doors and hatches = Protects personnel from lightning danger Touching grounding point = Dissipates static before handling electronics Avoiding foreign objects in tanks = Minimizes potential for spark discharge Covering disconnected connectors = Protects against accidental charges Signup and view all the answers

Match the following grounding and bonding policies with their conditions:

Parked aircraft = Do not require grounding unless specified Fuel servicing operations = Always require bonding to fuel equipment AMARG storage = Aircraft do not need to be grounded Electrostatic hazards = Prevented by grounding procedures Signup and view all the answers

Match the following fuels with their static electricity risks:

JP-4 = Increases risk of ignition due to lower flash point JP-8 = Reduced vapor ignition due to higher flash point Conductivity additive = Reduces risks associated with electrostatic build-up High flow rates = Pose risks of hazardous static charges Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of humidity levels with their consequences:

High humidity = Minimizes static build-up problems Low humidity = Reduces antistatic effectiveness Moisture from body = Increases conductivity in clothing Humidity effects = Impact personnel's static sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Match the following potential dangers of static electricity with their sources:

Lightning strikes = Can cause hazards even several miles away Fuel vapors = Ignition due to spark discharges Operation of engines = Generates significant static electricity Faulty equipment = May lead to improper grounding during service Signup and view all the answers

Match the following personnel actions with their static control purposes:

Touching grounding points = Dissipates static before interacting with sensitive units Wearing CWDEs = Allows grounding without removing clothing Using antistatic garments = Reduces charge accumulation on the body Maintaining distance from conductors = Prevents accidental discharges Signup and view all the answers

Match the following electrical characteristics of ground points with personnel safety:

Grounding/bonding during service = Prevents potential static hazards Equilibrium during LRU handling = Ensures safe conditions when touching electronics High point protection = Minimizes lightning strike hazards on equipment Avoiding exposed electrical components = Prevents damage from static discharge Signup and view all the answers

Match the following safety protocols to their corresponding activities:

Evacuating during an electrical storm = Protects personnel from lightning Bonding aircraft to fuel systems = Ensures safe fuel servicing Touching aircraft before handling LRUs = Dissipates static to protect electronic components Using proper fuel types = Reduces static ignition risks Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aircraft servicing procedures with their risks:

Removing avionics LRUs = Risk of electrostatic discharge to sensitive electronics Handling munitions = Avoid contact with bare electrical primers Performing fuel servicing = Hazardous levels of static may accumulate Grounding protocols = Necessary unless specified otherwise in MDS orders Signup and view all the answers

Match the following grounding equipment with their descriptions:

Grounding rod = NSN 5975-00-240-3859, for bare base operation Continuity test = Measuring resistance for installed reels Clamp-plug unit = Checked for continuity prior to service Spool = Hourglass shaped for wrapping clamp-plug units Signup and view all the answers

Match the personnel safety measures with their descriptions during fuel servicing:

Grounding personnel = To dissipate static charges during servicing Avoiding fuel vents = No grounding within three feet during checks Wearing armor = Should not be worn during fuel servicing Grounding point = Must be suitable and bonded for safety Signup and view all the answers

Match the static grounding/bonding procedures with their conditions:

Ground frequently = If spark occurs during initial grounding Visual inspection = Before each use of the grounding reel Resistance measurement = Shall not exceed 10 ohms between test points Periodic grounding = If no spark occurs during grounding procedure Signup and view all the answers

Match the risks associated with fuel servicing to their preventative measures:

Static spark = Can ignite fuel vapor concentrations Grounding techniques = Used to equalize accumulated static charges Damage inspection = Continuity tests when corrosion is suspected Personnel bonding = Grounding to aircraft before servicing Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of materials with their properties related to static electricity:

CWDE gloves = Preferred for grounding, 10,000 ohms resistance Rubber spools = Used in conjunction with clamp-plug units Metal spools = Non-ferris option for wrapping units Armor = Acts as an electrical insulator with high resistance Signup and view all the answers

Match the components involved in grounding to their functions:

Clamp jaws = The inside contact points for continuity tests Static discharge reels = Installed reels that require continuity tests Resistance level = Must not exceed 10 ohms for continuity Equipment frame = Test point for continuity with installed reels Signup and view all the answers

Match the safety practices with their required actions:

Grounding personnel = Before handling munitions and tools Bonding procedures = Repeating if a spark occurs Testing equipment = Conducting continuity checks upon installation Inspections = Checking for corrosion or damage on reels Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to aircraft fuel servicing with their definitions:

Low flashpoint fuels = Includes JP-4, Jet B, AVGAS, MOGAS Fuel vent outlets = Where flammable vapor concentrations are present Static charge = Accumulated energy that can lead to risks Grounding/bonding point = A safe unpainted area for personnel Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects of static charges with the proper responses:

No spark = Proceed with normal work after grounding Frequent grounding = If spark occurs during operations Armor presence = Risk of static charge accumulation increases Visual inspections = Necessary before using grounding equipment Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenarios with the recommended practices:

Aircraft fueling = Personnel must ground or bond themselves Static discharge reel maintenance = Continuity tested at installation Corrosion detection = Grounding techniques if continuity is suspect Electrical tasks = Avoid touching primers of munitions Signup and view all the answers

Match the aircraft servicing operations with their grounding requirements:

Hot refueling = Do not place grounding wires within engine inlet danger area Electrostatic painting = Grounding not required Munitions loading = Grounding required Overwing fuel servicing = Requires bonding wire between fuel source and aircraft Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenarios with the appropriate bonding methods:

Attaching a fuel nozzle = Second bonding wire prevents sparks Ground connection for static dissipation = Connect cable to unpainted metallic surface Multiple grounding cables = Avoid stacking or piggy-backing Using conductive braided hose = First bonding wire not necessary Signup and view all the answers

Match the operational requirements with their exceptions:

Driving on munitions = Grounding not required Refueling with LIN = Grounding not required Cargo aircraft loading = Grounding not required Use of GPU without GFCIs = Grounding required Signup and view all the answers

Match the grounding scenarios with their outcomes:

Disconnecting bonding wire = Reconnect immediately Grounding during low humidity = Momentarily connect to earth ground Grounding for fuel operations = One wire is enough for four operations Multiple receptacle junction box = Continuity tests required Signup and view all the answers

Match the grounding requirements with the specific fueling operations:

External fuel tanks = No grounding required Drop fuel tanks = No grounding required Fuel system repair = Grounding required Bead blasting = Grounding required Signup and view all the answers

Match the grounding and bonding materials with their specifications:

Electrical ground wire rope = NSN 4010-00-575-6234 Multiple receptacle junction box = Built from high quality conductive material Ground clip = NSN 5999-00-134-5844 Female extension jack = NSN 5935-00-432-9340 Signup and view all the answers

Match the condition with the specified action:

Disconnecting a grounding cable = Should be avoided except in specified cases Using ladders for refueling = Do not require bonding Accumulate static charges = Requires initial bonding wire during servicing Resistance check for junction boxes = Shall not exceed 10 ohms Signup and view all the answers

Match the grounding operations with their critical requirements:

Grounding aircraft during munitions loading = One grounding wire necessary Refueling with hazardous cargo = Grounding not required Grounding for GPU use = Only if no GFCIs are present Grounding when painting = Required to avoid static discharge Signup and view all the answers

Match the general safety implications with grounding failures:

Not grounding during fuel servicing = Could result in injury or death Dragging bonding clamps across the ramp = Could damage equipment Failing to reconnect bonding wire = Immediate risks to personnel safety Insufficient continuity testing = Could lead to ground loop faults Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions of electrical grounding with their categories:

Static charge dissipation = Momentarily connect to earth ground Bonding during fuel operations = Equalizes static charges Junction box for multiple cables = Reduces clutter on worksite Engine inlet danger area = Prohibits grounding wire placement Signup and view all the answers

Match the fuel delivery methods with their specific requirements:

Disabling bonding wires = Ensures safety during refueling Overwing nozzles = Requires separate bonding wires Grounding during LIN servicing = Not required Grounding during munitions loading = Only one wire is necessary Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Electrostatic Hazards and Static Grounding/Bonding

Electrostatic hazards exist in fuel handling, controlled by grounding/bonding conductive parts.
Grounding connects metallic objects to ground electrodes.
Bonding connects objects to equalize electrostatic potential.

Electrostatic Charges

Static electricity is often generated by contact and separation of materials.
Common means include removing clothing, dust, liquid flow, and moving vehicles.
Static electricity is a common ignition source for petroleum fires.
Prevention involves dissipating or equalizing static charges.

Stray Currents

Stray currents are currents through unintended paths in the earth.
They can affect Air Force refueling systems.
Grounding/bonding does not eliminate stray currents.

Combustion

Combustion needs fuel vapors, air (oxygen), and ignition.
Flammable vapors exist over JP-4 (at -10°F and above) and aviation gasoline (at -50°F and above).
Ignition can be from sparks or flames, leading to fire/explosion.
Electrostatic discharges can initiate combustion if vapor concentrations are in the explosive range.

Electrostatic Charging of Personnel

Personnel activity generates static charges on clothing, influenced by humidity.
Lower humidity increases electrostatic hazard.
Most Air Force issue garments generate significant static charges in low humidity.
Multiple layers don't excessively increase static buildup.
Avoid removing clothing in refueling zones.
Antistatic finishes aren't permanent, are removed by cleaning and are less effective in low humidity.
Moisture/perspiration increases conductivity, reducing buildup.
Insulated footwear (rubber/composition soles and gloves) offer some dissipation but personnel should touch a grounding/bonding point with bare hand.
CWDEs (Chemical Warfare Defense Ensembles) allow grounding through integrated parts.
Clothing with low surface resistivity (less than 10^12 ohms/sq or inside-to-outside resistance less than 10^10 ohms) can be grounded/bonded normally.
Handling avionics LRUs requires grounding before contact to avoid damage to sensitive components.

Tank Filling

Liquid fuel surface potentials during filling can reach thousands of volts.
Sparks discharged from the liquid can ignite flammable vapor mixtures (fuel/air).
Objects in fuel tanks create electrical capacitor-like conditions and increase discharge hazards, reduced by conductivity additives and non hazardous fuels when appropriate to use, such as JP-8 or JP-5 to reduce vapor ignition hazard.
Fuel flow rates and maximum nozzle/hose sizes are limited to prevent extreme electrostatic buildup.

Lightning

Severe hazards from lightning strikes exist even if aircraft is grounded.
Personnel should evacuate the area during lightning storms.
Personnel are safe inside closed aircraft.
High points on aircraft, such as stabilizers/antenna masts, are lightning susceptible.
Strikes are short duration, but the ramp grounding system handles energy to earth safely.
Storms several miles away could also pose significant hazards.

Other Static Electricity Sources

Operating aircraft engines/rotor/propeller blades generate static electricity continuously, which is a major hazard.

Grounding and Bonding Policy

Grounding/bonding optional for parked aircraft or fuel servicing, unless required by technical orders.
AMARG desert stored aircraft do not need grounding.
Aircraft bonded to fuel servicing equipment permanently during fuel servicing.
Hydrant fuel servicing vehicles are bonded to hydrants/aircraft in specific conditions during servicing.
Avoid placing grounding/bonding wires in engine inlet danger areas for hot refueling.
Ground/bond before connecting fuel nozzle to aircraft; hydrant coupler connected first to aircraft's bond.
Grounding/bonding clamps/plugs should not drag on ramp (use reels).
All-metal pantographs don't need bonding if continuous structure to source/aircraft is maintained.
Grounding during fuel/liquid/gaseous nitrogen servicing is typically unnecessary unless required by orders.

Specific Applications (Grounding)

munitions loading/unloading: grounding required for specified munitions.
electrostatic painting/bead blasting/fuel system repair: grounding required.
connected to electrical power source/GPU (without GFCI): aircraft grounding is required.
overwing refueling/open port operations: bonding wire needed between fuel source/aircraft, one per nozzle.
External tanks/other tank types don't require grounding except during tank interior work.

Grounding/Bonding Hardware Requirements/Inspection

Standardized inspections and replacement procedures for grounding/bonding hardware (clamps, plugs, cables, reel).
Localized fabrications can be used, but they need continuity testing.

Personnel Grounding/Bonding

Static sparks can ignite fuel vapors in specific or unsafe conditions.
Ground/bond personnel prior to fuel/munitions handling.
If a spark occurs during the initial ground/bonding procedure, personnel should ground/bond periodically.
Avoid ground/bonding within 3 feet of fuel outlets during fueling or munitions handling.
CWDEs (Chemical Warfare Defense Ensembles) provide adequate grounding through embedded parts.
Personnel armor increases static charge buildup; ground/bond while working with low-flashpoint fuels like JP-4/JP-8(and similar fuels).

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Test your knowledge on electrostatic concepts and sources, as well as their implications in combustion hazards and refueling operations. This quiz covers definitions, scenarios, temperatures, and effects related to electrostatic charge and safety precautions. Perfect for students and professionals in physics and safety engineering.