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Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an element to attract a pair of ______.
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an element to attract a pair of ______.
electrons
A chemical bond forms if the energy of the bonded atoms is lower than that of the separate ______.
A chemical bond forms if the energy of the bonded atoms is lower than that of the separate ______.
atoms
Many different types of bonding occur, including ionic, polar covalent, and ______ bonds.
Many different types of bonding occur, including ionic, polar covalent, and ______ bonds.
nonpolar covalent
Nonpolar covalent bonds generally form between elements that have similar ______.
Nonpolar covalent bonds generally form between elements that have similar ______.
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The difference in electronegativity for nonpolar covalent bonds is less than ______.
The difference in electronegativity for nonpolar covalent bonds is less than ______.
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Molecular compounds can exist as solids, liquids, or ______ at normal temperatures and pressures.
Molecular compounds can exist as solids, liquids, or ______ at normal temperatures and pressures.
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A chlorine molecule (Cl2) has an electronegativity difference of ______.
A chlorine molecule (Cl2) has an electronegativity difference of ______.
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The bond created in methane (CH4) is a type of ______ bond due to the difference in electronegativities between carbon and hydrogen.
The bond created in methane (CH4) is a type of ______ bond due to the difference in electronegativities between carbon and hydrogen.
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The direction of the vector is the direction of the more polar ______ along the bond axis.
The direction of the vector is the direction of the more polar ______ along the bond axis.
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The length of the vector is a measure of the ______ of the bond.
The length of the vector is a measure of the ______ of the bond.
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C2H2Cl2 can behave as a ______ molecule depending on its arrangement.
C2H2Cl2 can behave as a ______ molecule depending on its arrangement.
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In the parallelogram method, vectors are used to determine the ______ of a molecular geometry.
In the parallelogram method, vectors are used to determine the ______ of a molecular geometry.
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When combining vectors for C2H2Cl2, the resulting net ______ indicates its polarity.
When combining vectors for C2H2Cl2, the resulting net ______ indicates its polarity.
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A polar bond is a covalent bond between atoms with partial electric ______.
A polar bond is a covalent bond between atoms with partial electric ______.
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A polar molecule has a non-zero electric dipole ______.
A polar molecule has a non-zero electric dipole ______.
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CH4 is a ______ molecule despite having polar bonds.
CH4 is a ______ molecule despite having polar bonds.
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The molecule CH3Cl has a dipole moment of ______.
The molecule CH3Cl has a dipole moment of ______.
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V vectors can be used to determine if a molecule has a net overall ______.
V vectors can be used to determine if a molecule has a net overall ______.
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CO2 has a dipole moment of ______.
CO2 has a dipole moment of ______.
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The molecule CCl4 is also considered ______ due to its symmetrical structure.
The molecule CCl4 is also considered ______ due to its symmetrical structure.
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NH3 has a dipole moment of ______.
NH3 has a dipole moment of ______.
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Vectors can represent a polar ______.
Vectors can represent a polar ______.
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Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) has a dipole moment of ______.
Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) has a dipole moment of ______.
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In an ionic compound, the spherical electron cloud of the anion becomes distorted due to the attraction of cations for anion ______.
In an ionic compound, the spherical electron cloud of the anion becomes distorted due to the attraction of cations for anion ______.
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Cations become smaller and more highly charged from left to right across a ______.
Cations become smaller and more highly charged from left to right across a ______.
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Cations become larger and less polarising as we move down a ______.
Cations become larger and less polarising as we move down a ______.
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Anions become smaller and less strongly polarisable from left to right across a ______.
Anions become smaller and less strongly polarisable from left to right across a ______.
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Anions become more polarisable as the cation they are associated with becomes more positively ______.
Anions become more polarisable as the cation they are associated with becomes more positively ______.
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Electric dipole consists of a positive charge next to an equal but opposite ______.
Electric dipole consists of a positive charge next to an equal but opposite ______.
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The electric dipole moment (μ) quantifies the magnitude of the ______.
The electric dipole moment (μ) quantifies the magnitude of the ______.
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The term used to describe small shifts in the distribution of ______ is partial charges.
The term used to describe small shifts in the distribution of ______ is partial charges.
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Polarising power of diagonal neighbours are ______.
Polarising power of diagonal neighbours are ______.
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Cations like Be2+ are more polarising compared to Li+ due to their ______ charge.
Cations like Be2+ are more polarising compared to Li+ due to their ______ charge.
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The term ______ is used to describe a partial charge on an atom resulting from unequal sharing of bonding electrons.
The term ______ is used to describe a partial charge on an atom resulting from unequal sharing of bonding electrons.
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The electronegativity difference that indicates an ionic bond is greater than ______.
The electronegativity difference that indicates an ionic bond is greater than ______.
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Ionic compounds are generally formed between metallic and ______ elements.
Ionic compounds are generally formed between metallic and ______ elements.
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In a hydrogen chloride molecule, the electronegativity of chlorine is ______ compared to hydrogen.
In a hydrogen chloride molecule, the electronegativity of chlorine is ______ compared to hydrogen.
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Ionic bonds are formed due to the complete transfer of ______ from one atom to another.
Ionic bonds are formed due to the complete transfer of ______ from one atom to another.
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Compounds like water and acetone are typically in a ______ state at normal temperatures and pressures.
Compounds like water and acetone are typically in a ______ state at normal temperatures and pressures.
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The bond formed between atoms with an electronegativity difference less than ______ is considered non-polar covalent.
The bond formed between atoms with an electronegativity difference less than ______ is considered non-polar covalent.
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The compound ______ has significant electronegativity due to its oxygen atom, which is 3.44.
The compound ______ has significant electronegativity due to its oxygen atom, which is 3.44.
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Delta positive (δ+) indicates a ______ charge on the atom.
Delta positive (δ+) indicates a ______ charge on the atom.
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Ionic compounds tend to have high aqueous ______, allowing them to dissolve in water.
Ionic compounds tend to have high aqueous ______, allowing them to dissolve in water.
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Study Notes
Electronegativity
- Electronegativity measures the tendency of an atom to attract a pair of electrons.
- The Pauling scale is commonly used to quantify electronegativity.
Bonding
- A chemical bond forms when the energy of bonded atoms is lower than the energy of separate atoms.
- Atoms tend to arrange themselves in the most stable patterns, often by completing their outermost valence shells.
- Electronegativity differences play a crucial role in bond formation.
- Common types of bonds include nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonding, coordinate bonds, metallic bonds, single, double, triple bonds, σ-bonds and π-bonds.
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
- Atoms share an electron pair equally, resulting in no or very small partial charges.
- These bonds form between elements with similar electronegativities.
- Nonpolar covalent bonds have a difference in electronegativity less than 0.5.
- Examples include H2, Cl2, and CH4.
Polar Covalent Bonds
- Bonding electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges on atoms.
- Polar covalent bonds have a difference in electronegativity greater than 0.5 but less than 2.0.
- Examples include HCl, H2O, and C3H4O.
Ionic Bonds
- There is a complete transfer of one or more valence electrons from one atom to another.
- This results in fully charged ions (cations and anions) with a significant difference in electronegativity (greater than 2.0).
- Ionic compounds have high aqueous solubility due to the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Examples include NaCl and MgCl2.
Polarization
- The spherical electron cloud of an anion can become distorted (polarized) due to the attraction from a cation.
- Cations become more polarizing when they are smaller, more highly charged, and positioned further to the right across a period (e.g., Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > Li+).
- Cations become less polarizing down a group (e.g., K+ < Na+ < Li+).
- Anions become less polarizable (less distorted) when they are smaller, less highly charged, and positioned further to the right across a period (e.g., F- < O2-).
- Anions become more polarizable (more distorted) when the associated cation has a higher positive charge (e.g., AlCl3 > MgCl2 > NaCl) or when they are larger (e.g., I- > Br- > Cl- > F-).
Dipoles and Partial Charges
- Partial charges result from small shifts in electron distribution.
- An electric dipole occurs when a positive charge is near an equal but opposite negative charge.
- The electric dipole moment (μ, measured in Debye) quantifies the magnitude of the dipole.
Polar Bonds vs Polar Molecules
- A polar bond exists between atoms with partial charges.
- Even if individual bonds in a molecule are polar, the molecule itself may be nonpolar if its shape causes bond dipoles to cancel each other out.
Testing Molecular Polarity using Vectors
- Vectors represent polar bonds, with length indicating polarity and direction towards the more polar atom.
- Vectors can be added and subtracted to determine the net polarity of a molecule.
- If the vectors cancel each other out, the molecule is nonpolar.
- If the vectors do not cancel, the molecule is polar.
Examples of Testing Molecular Polarity Using Vectors
- C2H2Cl2 (cis-1,2-dichloroethane, polar molecule) has non-zero resultant vectors.
- C2H2Cl2 (trans-1,2-dichloroethane, nonpolar molecule) has zero resultant vectors.
- C2H2Cl2 (1,1-dichloroethane, polar molecule) has non-zero resultant vectors.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of electronegativity and the different types of chemical bonds formed as a result. It includes details about nonpolar and polar covalent bonds, as well as the influence of electronegativity on bond formation. Test your understanding of these essential chemistry topics.
