Pressure
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Questions and Answers

What is a common method used to measure the pressure in the body?

  • Stethoscope
  • Sphygmomanometer (correct)
  • Thermometer
  • Pulse oximeter

    • What does hydrocephalus in newborns result in?

  • Normal CSF flow
  • Decreased circumference of the skull
  • CSF trapped inside the skull (correct)
  • Decreased internal pressure

    • How is CSF flow analyzed in medicine?

  • MRI scan
  • Transillumination (correct)
  • X-ray imaging
  • Ultrasound

    • What is the purpose of transillumination in pediatric practice?

    <p>To assess scattered light in infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a red glow produced by the transmission of light through fingers indicate?

    <p>Absorption by red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ would NOT typically be analyzed using transillumination?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for pressure under a column of liquid?

    <p>$p = \rho \cdot g \cdot h$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atmospheric pressure usually measured in?

    <p>Pascal (Pa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is absolute pressure calculated from gauge pressure?

    <p>By adding atmospheric pressure to gauge pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative pressure value indicate relative to atmospheric pressure?

    <p>Pressure lower than atmospheric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the circulation system, why does the pressure decrease from the aorta to smaller veins?

    <p>Due to blood flow through the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the difference in pressure between a person's feet and heart when standing up?

    <p>Weight of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is commonly used to measure blood pressure?

    <p>Millimeters of Mercury (mmHg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for eye pressure?

    <p>12-23 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased eye pressure affect vision?

    <p>Causes tunnel vision in moderate cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is used to measure eye pressure?

    <p>Tonometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a significant increase in pressure in the digestive system during eating?

    <p>Air swallowed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does pressure increase in the knee joints when the body weight is on one leg?

    <p>Applied force spread over a large surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes pressure to build up in the bladder?

    <p>Accumulation of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what pressure does the micturition reflex typically occur?

    <p>$30 cm H2O$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why bubbles may not appear for many minutes to hours after diving?

    <p>Gases can remain dissolved in the 'supersaturated' state for hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body is primarily affected by tissue ischemia due to gas bubbles blocking blood vessels?

    <p>Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people experience nervous system symptoms in cases of decompression sickness?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for acute decompression sickness?

    <p>High-pressure chambers or hyperbaric oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the symptoms of decompression sickness?

    <p>85 to 90% experience pain in joints and muscles of the legs and arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if decompression sickness causes paralysis?

    <p>Damage can be permanent in some cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hyperbaric oxygen therapy help in treating decompression sickness?

    <p>By forcing gas back into solution and allowing gradual resorption and exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical maximum volume of urine the bladder can accumulate before voiding for adults?

    <p>500 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the digestive system, what is the pressure like in the esophagus compared to atmospheric pressure?

    <p>Less than atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does trapped air in the gut (gas) have on the body?

    <p>Causes burping or belching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if eye pressure increases significantly?

    <p>Tunnel vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the surface area of a bone at a joint compare to its area above or below the joint?

    <p>Surface area is greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is used to measure eye pressure?

    <p>Tonometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the highest pressure in weight-bearing bone joints?

    <p>Weight distribution across bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what pressure does the micturition reflex typically occur?

    <p>-30 cm H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the absolute pressure in lb/in2 if a bicycle tire has a gauge pressure of 50 lb/in2?

    <p>64.7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the circulation system, why does the pressure decrease from the aorta to smaller veins?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure measured in mm Hg at which blood leaves the heart?

    <p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for pressure under a column of liquid?

    <p>$p = \rho g h$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a person is standing up, which part of the body will have a larger pressure due to the weight of the blood?

    <p>Feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atmospheric pressure commonly measured in?

    <p>$N/m^2$ (Pascal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the absolute pressure change when a person breathes in or drinks?

    <p>Decreases relative to atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is atmospheric pressure referred to as gauge pressure?

    <p>$1 atm = 0 gauge$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the volume of gases as a diver descends beneath the sea according to Boyle's Law?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At 66 feet beneath the ocean surface, a diver is exposed to how many atmospheres of pressure?

    <p>3 atmospheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of air is composed of nitrogen according to the text?

    <p>Three fifths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a diver is 33 feet beneath the ocean surface, what happens to the volume of gases compared to the surface level?

    <p>It halves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological damage can increased pressure cause during deep-sea diving?

    <p>Collapsed air chambers, especially in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a diver equalize pressure while descending underwater?

    <p>By blowing out while holding the nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased pressure around a diver's body have as they descend deeper into the ocean?

    <p>Increases pressure on the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a diver know when pressure has equalized after trying to raise the pressure in their mouth?

    <p>'Pop' sound in ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to a diver at 150 to 200 feet due to nitrogen narcotics?

    <p>Becomes drowsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does nitrogen remain dissolved in the body tissues even though it is not metabolized by the body?

    <p>It remains dissolved until the nitrogen pressure in the lungs decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the sources of multiple problems collectively called decompression sickness?

    <p>Slow removal of dissolved nitrogen in body tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence if a diver suddenly ascends to the surface of the sea?

    <p>Escaping of decompression gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome for a diver who spends a long time breathing air under high pressure?

    <p>Nitrogen remains dissolved until pressure in the lungs decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what depth does a diver experience being too clumsy to perform required work due to narcosis?

    <p>200 to 250 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens beyond 250 feet (8.5 atmospheres pressure) in terms of diver's ability?

    <p>Strength wanes considerably and becomes clumsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is nitrogen narcosis compared to alcohol intoxication?

    <p>Similar symptoms as alcohol intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does nitrogen affect bodily function at sea-level pressure?

    <p>No effect on bodily function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Pressure is defined as the force per unit area in a gas or a liquid.
    • Atmospheric pressure is 105 N/m2 (Pascal), and units of pressure are listed in table 6.1.
    • Pressure under a column of liquid is p=ρgh, and pressure differences in the body can be measured in terms of height of a column of water.
    • We live in an atmosphere of air with a pressure of 1 atm, so pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure (gauge pressure).
    • Blood leaves the heart at about 120 mm Hg but decreases in pressure as it moves from the aorta to smaller vessels.
    • For a person standing up, pressure in the feet is larger due to the weight of the blood.
    • Eye pressure is significant for eye clarity and can lead to glaucoma or blindness with increased pressure.
    • Digestive system has varying pressures, with esophagus having lower pressure due to intrathoracic pressure and higher pressure due to swallowed air and bacterial gas.
    • Skeleton pressure is highest in weight-bearing joints, with synovial fluids helping to reduce the effects.
    • Pressure in the urinary bladder is due to accumulation of urine, and micturition reflex occurs at 30 cm H2O pressure.
    • Decompression sickness can occur from tissue damage due to gas bubbles blocking blood vessels, with symptoms such as pain, paralysis, or unconsciousness.
    • Acute decompression sickness is treated with high-pressure chambers to force gas back into solution and allow gradual decompression.
    • Deep-sea diving involves increased pressure on the body, with Boyle's Law causing compression of gases to smaller volumes.
    • Nitrogen narcosis can occur at high nitrogen pressures, with symptoms including drowsiness, weakness, and clumsiness.
    • Nitrogen dissolved in body fluids can lead to decompression sickness if breathed under high pressure for a long time.
    • Downside of deep-sea diving is the risk of nitrogen narcosis and decompression sickness, which can be avoided by proper diving techniques and equipment.
    • When descending beneath the sea, atmospheric pressure increases, and gas volumes decrease due to Boyle's Law.
    • At 33 feet beneath the ocean surface, the pressure is 2 atmospheres, and volume has been compressed to only half a liter.
    • High pressure can collapse the air chambers of the diver's body, including the lungs, causing serious damage.
    • Nitrogen narcosis has characteristics similar to those of alcohol intoxication and can make divers drowsy, weaken their strength, and make them clumsy.
    • Nitrogen dissolved in body fluids increases with prolonged breathing of air under high pressure, and this nitrogen remains in the body tissues until the nitrogen pressure in the lungs is decreased.
    • Beyond 250 feet (8.5 atmospheres pressure), divers may experience decompression sickness and its symptoms, which can be severe and even permanent.

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    Pressure 2024 (PDF)

    Description

    Explore the impact of pressure in the eye and digestive system. Learn how changes in eye pressure can affect vision clarity and lead to conditions like glaucoma. Discover the different pressures within the digestive system and the role of valves and sphincters.

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