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Questions and Answers
What primarily defines a biome?
Which of the following is NOT considered a resource that organisms compete for in an ecosystem?
What percentage of Earth's surface do freshwater ecosystems cover?
Which ecosystem type is known for its biodiversity, including coral reefs?
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What do phytoplankton contribute to the ocean's ecosystem?
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Which of the following statements about deep ocean bottom ecosystems is correct?
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How are terrestrial ecosystems classified?
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Which of the following is an example of a terrestrial biome?
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What role do abiotic factors play in community dynamics?
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Which ecosystem is most common on Earth?
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What is the primary role of producers in a food chain?
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Why is the food chain considered a simplistic model of ecosystem structure?
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What does biomagnification refer to?
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In a typical food chain, which of the following is considered an apex consumer?
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Which level of consumers primarily eat producers?
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What is the primary limitation of food chains compared to food webs?
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Which organism type can be classified as an autotroph?
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In terms of energy transfer, what percentage typically passes from one trophic level to the next?
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What term describes organisms that consume other organisms to obtain their energy?
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Which of the following accurately describes a tertiary consumer?
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What primary effect does DDT accumulation have on bird populations?
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Which trophic level is most affected by biomagnification of substances like DDT?
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What was the primary reason for the ban on DDT in the 1970s in the United States?
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What is an example of a substance that also biomagnifies similar to DDT?
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Which fish species have been advised against consumption due to high mercury content?
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How do predatory fish demonstrate biomagnification in aquatic ecosystems?
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What is the recommendation for pregnant women regarding fish consumption?
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What was the context of the study performed by NOAA in Saginaw Bay?
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Which heavy metals have raised concerns due to biomagnification in seafood?
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Why is biomagnification significant for understanding ecosystem dynamics?
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Study Notes
Ecosystem Ecology
- Life in an ecosystem involves competition for limited resources like food, water, sunlight, space, and minerals.
- Competition occurs within and between species.
- Environmental factors influence community dynamics like climate, elevation, and geology.
- Three broad categories of ecosystems: freshwater, marine, and terrestrial.
- Freshwater ecosystems are the least common, covering only 1.8% of Earth's surface.
- Marine ecosystems are the most common, encompassing 75% of Earth's surface, with three types: shallow ocean, deep ocean water, and deep ocean bottom.
- Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into biomes determined by dominant plant types and similar climatic conditions.
Food Chains and Food Webs
- A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass.
- Trophic levels define the position of organisms in the food chain: producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers.
- Producers are photosynthetic organisms at the base of the food chain.
- Primary consumers are herbivores consuming producers.
- Secondary consumers are carnivores eating primary consumers.
- Tertiary consumers are carnivores eating other carnivores.
- Apex predators are at the top of the food chain, not being eaten by any other consumers.
- Energy is lost at each trophic level, typically around 10%, limiting the number of trophic levels.
- Food webs are more accurate representations of ecosystems, accounting for multiple interactions and trophic connections across levels.
Energy Acquisition in Food Webs
- Autotrophs produce their own food through photosynthesis, like plants, algae, and certain bacteria.
- Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms, including animals and humans.
- Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for their energy source.
Biomagnification
- Biomagnification, also known as bioaccumulation, is the increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms at higher trophic levels.
- Fat-soluble substances, like DDT, PCBs, and heavy metals, accumulate in organisms' fat reserves.
- DDT was banned in the US due to its negative impact on apex predators like bald eagles.
- Mercury and cadmium in seafood pose health risks, especially for pregnant women and children.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process used by autotrophs to convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates.
- This process requires sunlight and is essential for life on Earth.
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Description
Test your knowledge on ecosystem ecology, including competition for resources, community dynamics, and the different types of ecosystems. Dive into food chains and webs to understand trophic levels and the roles of producers and consumers in energy transfer. This quiz covers fundamental concepts in environmental science and ecological relationships.
