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Questions and Answers
What is the primary feature of the lithosphere?
What is the primary feature of the lithosphere?
Which process involves the movement of one tectonic plate sinking beneath another?
Which process involves the movement of one tectonic plate sinking beneath another?
What type of glaciation occurs in mountainous regions?
What type of glaciation occurs in mountainous regions?
Which landform region of Canada is primarily known for its rich mineral deposits and old rock formations?
Which landform region of Canada is primarily known for its rich mineral deposits and old rock formations?
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Which of the following best describes drumlins?
Which of the following best describes drumlins?
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What type of rock is formed from cooled magma or lava?
What type of rock is formed from cooled magma or lava?
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Which term describes the gradual movement of continents over the Earth's surface?
Which term describes the gradual movement of continents over the Earth's surface?
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What is a kettle lake formed by?
What is a kettle lake formed by?
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What best describes the growing season in the Arctic?
What best describes the growing season in the Arctic?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a maritime climate?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a maritime climate?
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What is a sustainable practice in agriculture?
What is a sustainable practice in agriculture?
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Which mining method involves removing all vegetation and soil from an area?
Which mining method involves removing all vegetation and soil from an area?
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What is a major threat to sustainable fishing practices?
What is a major threat to sustainable fishing practices?
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What describes a characteristic of the tertiary industry?
What describes a characteristic of the tertiary industry?
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Which factor does NOT significantly influence a region's climate?
Which factor does NOT significantly influence a region's climate?
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What is the primary goal of the concept of 'planned obsolescence'?
What is the primary goal of the concept of 'planned obsolescence'?
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Which term refers to the underground water source?
Which term refers to the underground water source?
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What concept refers to the economic phenomenon where a resource boom strengthens a country's currency?
What concept refers to the economic phenomenon where a resource boom strengthens a country's currency?
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What is the role of 'FSC Wood' certification?
What is the role of 'FSC Wood' certification?
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What does a demographic transition model measure?
What does a demographic transition model measure?
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Which of the following methods aims to protect local industries from international competition?
Which of the following methods aims to protect local industries from international competition?
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What is mitigation in the context of climate change?
What is mitigation in the context of climate change?
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Study Notes
Structure of the Earth
- Mantle: The solid, interior bulk of Earth.
- Inner Core: The Earth's central layer.
- Outer Core: The third layer of Earth's interior.
- Lithosphere: The solid, outer layer of Earth.
Plate Tectonics
- Convection Currents: Circular movements in fluids, driven by temperature differences and heat transfer.
- Continental Drift: The slow movement of continents over time.
- Pangaea: A supercontinent that existed in the past.
- Transform Boundary: Plates slide horizontally past one another.
- Divergent Boundary: Plates move apart.
- Convergent Boundary: Plates move towards each other.
- Folding: Bending of rock layers due to stress.
- Faulting: Breaking and shifting of Earth's crust.
- Subduction: One plate sinking beneath another.
Glaciation
- Alpine Glaciation: Glaciation in mountainous areas.
- Continental Glaciation: Glaciation covering large landmasses.
Erosion and Deposition
- Drumlins: Elongated hills formed by glacial action.
- Moraines: Accumulations of rocks and soil left by glaciers.
- Cirques: Bowl-shaped depressions carved by glaciers.
- Till Plains: Flat land formed by glacial deposits.
- Erratics: Large rocks transported by glaciers.
- Kettle Lakes: Depressions remaining after melting ice.
- Eskers: Long ridges of sand and gravel.
- Outwash Plains: Areas of sorted glacial deposits.
- Striations: Scratches on rock surfaces from moving glaciers.
Types of Rocks
- Igneous: Formed from cooled magma or lava.
- Metamorphic: Formed by heat and pressure.
- Sedimentary: Formed from compressed sediments.
Landform Regions of Canada
- Interior Plains: Flat, fertile lands in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba — known for agriculture and oil.
- Western Cordillera: Mountain ranges (Rockies, Coast Mountains) in British Columbia and western Alberta. This area is known for forestry, mining, and tourism.
- Canadian Shield: Old rock formations in Quebec, Ontario, and northern provinces. It's rich in minerals and has many lakes and forests.
- Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands: Smallest Canadian region, with fertile soil and high population density. Major cities like Toronto and Montreal are located here.
- Hudson Bay Lowlands: Flat, swampy areas around Hudson Bay in Ontario and Manitoba. Characterized by sparse vegetation.
- Appalachians: Rolling hills, valleys, and mountains in the Atlantic provinces (Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia). Known for coal deposits.
- Arctic: The northernmost regions (Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Yukon). Tundra, glaciers, permafrost, and rich reserves of oil and gas.
Climate Calculations
- Growing Season: Days with temperatures above 5.5°C.
- Snowing Temperature: Temperatures below 0°C.
- Total Yearly Precipitation: Total monthly precipitation added together.
- Average Annual Temperature: Average of monthly temperatures.
- Temperature Range: Difference between the highest and lowest monthly temperatures.
- Snowfall Equivalent: Multiplying snowfall (cm) by 10 to determine the equivalent water depth in mm.
- Seasonal Distribution of Climate: Comparison of summer and winter precipitation.
Factors Influencing Climate
- Latitude: Affects solar radiation.
- Ocean Currents: Influence temperature and precipitation patterns.
- Winds and Air Masses: Transportation of heat and moisture.
- Elevation: Altitude affects temperature.
- Relief: Topography affects precipitation.
- Near Water: Proximity to water bodies impact temperature.
Climate Types
- Maritime Climate: Mild, wet climate influenced by nearby water.
- Continental Climate: Significant temperature variations.
Types of Precipitation
- Frontal/Cyclonic: Precipitation associated with weather fronts.
- Relief: Precipitation influenced by topography.
- Convectional: Precipitation due to rising warm air.
Ocean Currents
- Gulf Stream: Warm water current.
- Labrador Current: Cold water current.
- North Pacific Current: Climate-influencing currents.
Sustainable Resource Management
- Farming: Intensive vs. extensive farming methods. Sustainable agriculture practices include crop rotation and organic farming.
- Forestry: Logging methods include clear-cutting, shelterwood logging, and selective cutting. Sustainable forestry practices are certified by organizations.
- Mining: Underground, strip, and open pit mining methods; environmental effects due to overburden and tailing ponds.
- Alberta Oil Sands: Bitumen extraction.
- Fishing: Overfishing, bycatch, and shark finning are threats. Sustainable development through aquaculture and MSC-certified fish.
Energy & Water Sustainability
- Energy: Fossil fuels, wind, solar, hydro, nuclear. Renewable vs. non-renewable energy sources.
- Water Sustainability: Aquifers, groundwater, surface water.
Planned/Perceived Obsolescence
- Planned Obsolescence: Products designed to break down quickly.
- Perceived Obsolescence: Products considered outdated.
Climate Change
- Mitigation vs. Adaptation: Mitigation reduces causes, adaptation adjusts to impacts.
- Carbon Sinks vs. Carbon Sources: Processes that absorb vs. release carbon dioxide.
Human and Global Connections
- Population: Demographic Transition Model, stages. Population calculations. Replacement and Total Fertility Rates.
- Urban Growth and Sprawl: City development, spread into rural areas. Solutions, and livability and sustainability.
- Global Challenges: Climate change, resource scarcity, inequality are common global problems.
- Economic Connections: Types of industries (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary). Basic vs. non-basic industries. Multiplier effect, locational factors of manufacturing, outsourcing, the Dutch Disease. Free trade vs. protectionism, tariffs.
- Climate Regions: Specific precipitation and temperature characteristics of Pacific Maritime, Atlantic Maritime, Southeastern, Boreal, Prairie, Taiga, and Arctic climates.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the Earth's structure and plate tectonics with this quiz. Explore concepts such as the mantle, core layers, and glaciation. Understand the dynamics of plate movements and their geological implications.
