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Questions and Answers
Which term describes the gradual movement of continents over the Earth's surface?
Which term describes the gradual movement of continents over the Earth's surface?
What type of boundary occurs when tectonic plates slide past each other?
What type of boundary occurs when tectonic plates slide past each other?
Which landform region of Canada is characterized by flatlands with fertile soil and is a major area for agriculture?
Which landform region of Canada is characterized by flatlands with fertile soil and is a major area for agriculture?
Which of the following is a type of glacial deposit formed by accumulations of dirt and rocks left by glaciers?
Which of the following is a type of glacial deposit formed by accumulations of dirt and rocks left by glaciers?
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What is the primary factor driving convection currents in the Earth's mantle?
What is the primary factor driving convection currents in the Earth's mantle?
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Which type of rock is formed under conditions of heat and pressure?
Which type of rock is formed under conditions of heat and pressure?
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Which feature is an elongated hill formed by glacial action?
Which feature is an elongated hill formed by glacial action?
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What is the primary characteristic of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands?
What is the primary characteristic of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands?
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What is a characteristic of maritime climate?
What is a characteristic of maritime climate?
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What is one of the main threats to fishing sustainability?
What is one of the main threats to fishing sustainability?
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What does 'planned obsolescence' refer to?
What does 'planned obsolescence' refer to?
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Which method of logging is considered the least sustainable?
Which method of logging is considered the least sustainable?
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What defines a basic industry?
What defines a basic industry?
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What is the primary purpose of the Demographic Transition Model?
What is the primary purpose of the Demographic Transition Model?
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Which energy source is classified as non-renewable?
Which energy source is classified as non-renewable?
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What term describes the adjustment to climate change impacts, rather than reducing the causes?
What term describes the adjustment to climate change impacts, rather than reducing the causes?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing climate?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing climate?
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What resource is referred to as an aquifer?
What resource is referred to as an aquifer?
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What is the purpose of the Gulf Stream?
What is the purpose of the Gulf Stream?
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Which type of agriculture involves rotating different crops on the same land?
Which type of agriculture involves rotating different crops on the same land?
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What is the ecological footprint?
What is the ecological footprint?
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Which term describes a market condition where a resource boom negatively affects other industries?
Which term describes a market condition where a resource boom negatively affects other industries?
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Study Notes
Earth Structure
- Mantle: The solid interior of Earth, mostly solid.
- Inner Core: Earth's center.
- Outer Core: The layer between the mantle and inner core.
- Lithosphere: The solid, outer layer of Earth.
Plate Tectonics
- Convection Currents: Fluid movements caused by heat transfer, driving plate motion.
- Continental Drift: Continents slowly move over Earth's surface.
- Pangaea: A supercontinent that existed in the past.
- Transform Boundary: Plates slide past each other.
- Divergent Boundary: Plates move apart.
- Convergent Boundary: Plates move together.
- Folding: Bending of rock layers under stress.
- Faulting: Breaking and shifting of Earth's crust.
- Subduction: One plate sinking beneath another.
Glaciation
- Alpine Glaciation: Glaciation in mountains.
- Continental Glaciation: Glaciation over large landmasses.
Erosion and Deposition
- Drumlins: Elongated hills from glacial action.
- Moraines: Accumulations of sediment left by glaciers.
- Cirques: Bowl-shaped depressions carved by glaciers.
- Till Plains: Flat, glacial deposit landforms.
- Erratics: Large rocks transported by glaciers.
- Kettle Lakes: Depressions from melting ice.
- Eskers: Long ridges of sorted glacial material.
- Outwash Plains: Sorted glacial deposits area.
- Striations: Scratches on rock from moving glaciers.
Types of Rocks
- Igneous: Rocks formed from cooled magma or lava.
- Metamorphic: Rocks formed by heat and pressure.
- Sedimentary: Rocks formed from compressed sediment.
Landform Regions of Canada
- Interior Plains: Flat, fertile land, agriculture and oil production. Located in central Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba).
- Western Cordillera: Mountain ranges (e.g., Rockies, Coast Mountains), forestry, mining, tourism. Located in western Canada (British Columbia, western Alberta).
- Canadian Shield: Oldest rock formations, minerals, forests, lakes. Covers much of eastern Canada (Quebec, Ontario).
- Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands: Smallest region, fertile land, densely populated, major cities (Toronto, Montreal).
- Hudson Bay Lowlands: Flat, swampy region, sparse vegetation. Located north of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence.
- Appalachians: Rolling hills, valleys, old mountains, coal deposits. Located in Atlantic Canada (Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia).
- Arctic: Tundra, glaciers, permafrost, oil and gas. Includes northern territories (Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Yukon).
Climate Calculations
- Growing Season: Days above 5.5°C.
- Snowing Temperature: Below 0°C.
- Total Yearly Precipitation: Sum of monthly precipitation.
- Average Annual Temperature: Average of monthly temperatures.
- Temperature Range: Difference between highest and lowest monthly temperatures.
- Snowfall Equivalent: Convert cm of snowfall to mm water equivalent (multiply by 10).
- Seasonal Distribution of Climate: Compare summer and winter precipitation.
Factors Influencing Climate
- Latitude: Determines solar radiation and temperatures.
- Ocean Currents: Affect temperature and precipitation patterns.
- Winds and Air Masses: Transport moisture and heat.
- Elevation: Higher elevation usually means cooler temperatures.
- Relief: Mountain ranges influence precipitation.
- Near Water: Coastal areas experience milder temperatures and higher precipitation.
Climate Types
- Maritime Climate: Mild temperatures, high precipitation, influenced by water.
- Continental Climate: Large temperature differences (hot summers, cold winters), lower precipitation, not affected by nearby water.
Types of Precipitation
- Frontal/Cyclonic: Precipitation associated with weather fronts.
- Relief: Precipitation due to mountain ranges.
- Convectional: Precipitation from rising warm air.
Ocean Currents
- Gulf Stream: Warm current moving north.
- Labrador Current: Cold current moving south.
- North Pacific Current: Current in the Pacific Ocean.
Sustainable Resource Management
-
Farming:
- Intensive Farming: Small land, high yield.
- Extensive Farming: Large land, low yield.
- Sustainable Agriculture: Crop rotation, organic farming, vertical farming.
- GMOs: Genetically modified organisms.
-
Forestry:
- Logging Methods: Clear-cutting, shelterwood logging, selective cutting.
- FSC Wood: Certified sustainable wood.
-
Mining:
- Types of Mining: Underground mining, strip mining, open-pit mining.
- Challenges: Overburden and tailings ponds.
- Alberta Oil Sands: Bitumen extraction.
-
Fishing:
- Threats: Overfishing, bycatch, shark finning.
- Sustainable Development: Aquaculture.
- MSC-certified fish: Sustainable fishing.
- Energy: Fossil fuels, wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy, nuclear energy. Renewable vs. non-renewable resources.
- Water Sustainability: Aquifers, groundwater, surface water.
- Ecological Footprint.
Human and Global Connections
-
Population:
- Demographic Transition Model: Stages (high birth/death rates, low birth/death rates).
- Population Calculations: Natural increase, net migration, total population growth rate.
- Replacement Rate: The number of children needed to maintain population stability (usually 2.1).
- Total Fertility Rate: Average number of children born per woman.
- Urban Growth and Sprawl: Urban growth, urban sprawl(expansion into rural areas), solutions (smart growth, mixed zoning, greenbelts), livability and sustainability (walkability, affordability, accessibility).
- Global Challenges: Climate change, resource scarcity, inequality.
Economic Connections and Resources
- Types of Industries: Primary (extraction), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services), quaternary (knowledge-based).
- Basic vs. Non-Basic Industries: Basic industries (exported goods), non-basic industries (local needs).
- Multiplier Effect: Economic activity stimulating more activity.
- Locational Factors of Manufacturing: Raw materials, market access, labor supply, transportation, energy, government policies.
- Outsourcing: Hiring external firms or relocating production.
- Dutch Disease: Resource boom strengthens currency, harming other industries.
- Free Trade vs. Protectionism: Free trade (removing barriers), protectionism (raising barriers).
- Tariff: Tax on imported goods.
Climate Regions
- Pacific Maritime: High precipitation, above 0°C January temperature.
- Atlantic Maritime: High precipitation, below 0°C January temperature.
- Southeastern: 500-1000 mm precipitation, above -10°C January temperature.
- Boreal: 500-1000 mm precipitation, below -10°C January temperature.
- Prairie: 250-500 mm precipitation, above -20°C January temperature.
- Taiga: 250-500 mm precipitation, below -20°C January temperature.
- Arctic: Below 250 mm precipitation.
- Cordilleran: No specific temperature or precipitation
- Continental Climate: Temperature unaffected by nearby water.
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Description
Explore the intricate details of Earth's structure, including the mantle, cores, and lithosphere alongside the exciting dynamics of plate tectonics. Understand concepts like convection currents, continental drift, and glaciation. This quiz covers essential terms and processes shaping our planet.
