Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which statement best represents Descartes' 'Cogito Ergo Sum'?
Which statement best represents Descartes' 'Cogito Ergo Sum'?
- I am therefore I think.
- I think therefore I am. (correct)
- I doubt therefore I exist.
- I think therefore I feel.
According to Hume, what is the primary source of our knowledge?
According to Hume, what is the primary source of our knowledge?
- Innate ideas.
- Sense impressions. (correct)
- Divine revelation.
- Rational deduction.
Why does Hume argue that we can never be certain of a cause-and-effect relationship?
Why does Hume argue that we can never be certain of a cause-and-effect relationship?
- Because the connection is based on past experience and not necessary. (correct)
- Because only logic can reveal cause-and-effect.
- Because the relationship is predetermined by God.
- Because our senses are inherently unreliable.
Which of the following best describes Locke's social/political philosophy?
Which of the following best describes Locke's social/political philosophy?
How does Hobbes view human nature?
How does Hobbes view human nature?
What best describes Rousseau's concept of the 'General Will'?
What best describes Rousseau's concept of the 'General Will'?
Why did Marx advocate for public ownership of all manufacturing?
Why did Marx advocate for public ownership of all manufacturing?
According to Kant, why must free will exist?
According to Kant, why must free will exist?
Which of the following denies free will?
Which of the following denies free will?
What does Kant's Categorical Imperative emphasize?
What does Kant's Categorical Imperative emphasize?
What is the central tenet of Reductionism, as applied to the early Pre-Socratics?
What is the central tenet of Reductionism, as applied to the early Pre-Socratics?
How does Heraclitus’ philosophy most significantly challenge the idea of a stable personal identity?
How does Heraclitus’ philosophy most significantly challenge the idea of a stable personal identity?
Which of the following best describes Parmenides’ central argument regarding change?
Which of the following best describes Parmenides’ central argument regarding change?
What is the primary critique of the Sophists made by Socrates?
What is the primary critique of the Sophists made by Socrates?
What is the most important element of 'the unexamined life is not worth living' as stated by Socrates?
What is the most important element of 'the unexamined life is not worth living' as stated by Socrates?
According to Plato's theory, what distinguishes the Realm of Ideas from the Sensible World?
According to Plato's theory, what distinguishes the Realm of Ideas from the Sensible World?
In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, what does the ascent out of the cave symbolize most directly?
In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, what does the ascent out of the cave symbolize most directly?
How does Aristotle primarily differentiate his epistemology from that of his teacher, Plato?
How does Aristotle primarily differentiate his epistemology from that of his teacher, Plato?
According to Aristotle, what role does 'telos' play in his understanding of nature?
According to Aristotle, what role does 'telos' play in his understanding of nature?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Eudaimonia' in Aristotelian ethics?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Eudaimonia' in Aristotelian ethics?
According to Augustine, the City of God is best described as:
According to Augustine, the City of God is best described as:
Augustine believed that God is the source of original sin.
Augustine believed that God is the source of original sin.
What is the primary reason, according to Augustine, why evil exists in the world?
What is the primary reason, according to Augustine, why evil exists in the world?
According to Augustine, our bodies are trapped in the City of _______, and our minds can be in the City of God.
According to Augustine, our bodies are trapped in the City of _______, and our minds can be in the City of God.
Match the following concepts with their descriptions according to Augustine:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions according to Augustine:
Which argument for the existence of God focuses on the idea that the universe exhibits design and purpose?
Which argument for the existence of God focuses on the idea that the universe exhibits design and purpose?
The Cosmological Argument suggests the existence of God is not possible because of infinite regress.
The Cosmological Argument suggests the existence of God is not possible because of infinite regress.
According to the Ontological Argument, what characteristic of God's being necessitates his existence?
According to the Ontological Argument, what characteristic of God's being necessitates his existence?
The teleological argument is also known as the ______ argument.
The teleological argument is also known as the ______ argument.
What is the central idea of the principle of sufficient reason, as it relates to the Cosmological Argument?
What is the central idea of the principle of sufficient reason, as it relates to the Cosmological Argument?
Match each type of argument for the existence of God with its core concept:
Match each type of argument for the existence of God with its core concept:
The Ontological Argument suggests that a being that exists only in the mind is greater than a being that exists in reality.
The Ontological Argument suggests that a being that exists only in the mind is greater than a being that exists in reality.
What is an alternative name for the 'nature of being' argument?
What is an alternative name for the 'nature of being' argument?
According to Aquinas, what is the primary purpose of humans?
According to Aquinas, what is the primary purpose of humans?
According to Natural Law Theory, everything, whether aware or not, has a final cause.
According to Natural Law Theory, everything, whether aware or not, has a final cause.
Name three of the seven basic goods according to Aquinas.
Name three of the seven basic goods according to Aquinas.
According to Aquinas, __________ is the moral virtue associated with the intellect.
According to Aquinas, __________ is the moral virtue associated with the intellect.
Match the following virtues with their type according to Aquinas:
Match the following virtues with their type according to Aquinas:
Within the Theory of the Double Effect, what is NOT a requirement?
Within the Theory of the Double Effect, what is NOT a requirement?
Aquinas' Just War Theory is based entirely on his own original ideas about war.
Aquinas' Just War Theory is based entirely on his own original ideas about war.
List three intellectual virtues according to Aquinas.
List three intellectual virtues according to Aquinas.
According to the argument from gradation, what is the basis for our understanding of 'good'?
According to the argument from gradation, what is the basis for our understanding of 'good'?
The argument from design suggests that the purpose found in nature arises by chance.
The argument from design suggests that the purpose found in nature arises by chance.
What is meant by Aquinas when he describes God as 'Ipsum Esse'?
What is meant by Aquinas when he describes God as 'Ipsum Esse'?
According to the argument to Necessary Being, a being whose essence is existence itself, is referred to as ______.
According to the argument to Necessary Being, a being whose essence is existence itself, is referred to as ______.
Match the arguments for the existence of God with their primary concepts:
Match the arguments for the existence of God with their primary concepts:
According to the argument from design, what is the role of unintelligent things working intelligently in nature?
According to the argument from design, what is the role of unintelligent things working intelligently in nature?
Why is God considered to always be 'actualized' according to Aquinas?
Why is God considered to always be 'actualized' according to Aquinas?
According to Aquinas, what is the relationship between the essence and existence of the world?
According to Aquinas, what is the relationship between the essence and existence of the world?
What is the main argument of Pascal's Wager regarding belief in God?
What is the main argument of Pascal's Wager regarding belief in God?
The perfect being must exist according to the problem of existence and total perfection.
The perfect being must exist according to the problem of existence and total perfection.
What is the first proof in St. Thomas Aquinas' Five Ways for the existence of God?
What is the first proof in St. Thomas Aquinas' Five Ways for the existence of God?
According to Pascal's Wager, it is more useful to believe in God than to _______ Him.
According to Pascal's Wager, it is more useful to believe in God than to _______ Him.
Match the following arguments to their descriptions related to Aquinas' Five Ways:
Match the following arguments to their descriptions related to Aquinas' Five Ways:
Which of the following concepts illustrates the philosophy of Pragmatism?
Which of the following concepts illustrates the philosophy of Pragmatism?
Aquinas argued that there cannot be an infinite regress of movement without a first mover.
Aquinas argued that there cannot be an infinite regress of movement without a first mover.
What does the Argument of Efficient Cause emphasize in relation to God?
What does the Argument of Efficient Cause emphasize in relation to God?
Flashcards
What is the meaning of "Cogito Ergo Sum"?
What is the meaning of "Cogito Ergo Sum"?
"Cogito Ergo Sum" is a Latin phrase meaning "I think, therefore I am." This phrase summarizes Descartes' philosophy by asserting that the only thing we can be certain of is our own existence. Because we are thinking beings, we must exist. This idea is often seen as a foundation for modern philosophy, as it shifts focus from the external world to the individual's experience.
How does Descartes defend the belief in God?
How does Descartes defend the belief in God?
Descartes argues for the existence of God through the idea of a perfect being. He claims that the idea of a perfect being must originate from a perfect being itself. This is because a finite mind cannot conceive of perfection, so the idea of perfection must be implanted by a perfect being, which is God. This argument is known as the ontological argument.
How does Hume's philosophy align with Scepticism and Empiricism?
How does Hume's philosophy align with Scepticism and Empiricism?
Hume is considered a sceptic because he questions the certainty of knowledge and emphasizes the limits of human reason. He argues that our knowledge is based solely on experience, and we cannot know anything for certain about the world beyond our senses. Hume is also an empiricist because he believes that all knowledge is derived from experience. He emphasizes the role of sense impressions in shaping our understanding of the world.
What are 'sense impressions' in Hume's philosophy?
What are 'sense impressions' in Hume's philosophy?
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Why can't we definitively connect an effect to a specific cause according to Hume?
Why can't we definitively connect an effect to a specific cause according to Hume?
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Describe Locke's political and social philosophy and its place on the modern political spectrum.
Describe Locke's political and social philosophy and its place on the modern political spectrum.
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Explain Hobbes' view of human nature and how it shapes his political philosophy.
Explain Hobbes' view of human nature and how it shapes his political philosophy.
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What is Rousseau's concept of the General Will?
What is Rousseau's concept of the General Will?
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Describe Rousseau's social contract.
Describe Rousseau's social contract.
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Study Notes
Early Modern/Modern Era Review
- Descartes' "Cogito Ergo Sum" summarizes his philosophy, emphasizing the importance of individual thought as a basis for knowledge.
- Descartes defended religious belief using deductive reasoning based on the existence of a perfect God as a guarantor of his perception.
- Hume is considered a sceptic and an empiricist because his philosophy questions the certainty and justification of knowledge derived from observation.
- Hume used 'sense impressions' to indicate the fundamental building blocks of human experience. He believed these are the direct input from the outside world, and not necessarily a reflection of that world.
- Causality is uncertain – Hume reasoned that our understanding of cause and effect is based on observed patterns, not necessarily on inherent connections.
- Locke's political philosophy emphasizes individual rights and limited government. Locke's views would position him roughly on a modern political spectrum between Liberalism and Libertarianism.
- Hobbes believed human nature was naturally self-interested, leading to a need for a strong sovereign power to maintain order, placing him on the more authoritarian portion of the modern political spectrum (although he might be perceived as a form of proto-Liberal).
- Rousseau defined the General Will in social thought as the collective good of society and the fundamental basis of human political legitimacy.
- Marx advocated for public ownership of resources, aiming to create a classless society. Marxist theories focus on class struggle as a driving force of history.
- The common poles of a political compass can be represented by a spectrum, with left-leaning ideologies focusing on equality and collective action, to right-leaning ideologies emphasizing individual liberty and limited government intervention.
- Categorizing key thinkers (Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Marx) on this compass requires interpretation and can be argued from many perspectives.
- Ideologies like Libertarianism, Progressivism, Conservatism, and Authoritarianism represent various political thought systems with distinct views and goals.
- Kant's Epistemology is best described as rationalist; he believed in the existence of innate ideas and universal moral principles.
- Kant's view is that Free Will must exist to make moral agency possible.
- Naturalism, Religious Determinism, and Social Determinism deny free will through predetermined factors, affecting moral choice as they eliminate the concept of free choice.
- Kant's Categorical Imperative has two formulations: one based on universalizability and the other on treating humanity as an end in itself. This emphasis on duty and obligation is the core tenet of Deontological Ethics.
- Virtue Ethics differs from Deontological Ethics in focus; emphasizing character development, practical reasoning, and moral habits as essential parts of becoming a virtuous agent.
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